territorial seas ap human geography

When and where did nations join together to divide up Africa? Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. Mackinder's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. Spykman argued that the rimland, which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. Unlike rocks or low-water elevations, islands project a full territorial sea with overflight control and a full EEZ. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. However, the most important types of disputes to know for the AP Human Geography test are: The Law of the Sea addresses issues with states and their water boundaries. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. area of sea outside of all territorial seas. The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). Possible Answers: None of these answers is correct. Spykman was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and immigrated to the United States as a child. It established that each country could customarily lay claim to ocean up to three miles off their coast. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. Ratzel is known for his work on the concept of Lebensraum, which he developed in his book "Political Geography" (1897). According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive. Boundaries have always been fluid, so they can also bring about disputes. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? The Law of the Sea is codified in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted in 1982 and has been ratified by more than 160 states. AP Human Geography Workshop Devolutionary Forces Scott Dobler, WKU Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 12th Edition ISBN: 978--07-802146-6 Chapter 12: The Political Ordering of Space Chapter LayoutConcepts and Key Terms Introduction: Political Geography GeoPolitics National Political System . In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Organic Theory: Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) was a British geographer and political scientist who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Heartland," which proposes that the control of the interior of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global dominance. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. The theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. Boundary disputes can be difficult to resolve, as they often involve complex legal, historical, and cultural issues. If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n) __________. If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. Territoriality - AP Human Geography - Varsity Tutors It identified which resources and how much each country was entitled to and the laws necessary to conserve the ocean's integrity. Although the LOSC does not impose any limitations on fishing in the high seas, it encourages regional cooperation to conserve those resources and ensure their sustainability for future generations. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Copy and Edit. So-called historic bays, such as the Chesapeake Bay, are exempt from this provision. Chapter 3: Freedom of Navigation - Law of the Sea - Tufts University Another 19 kilometers (12 miles) out comprises a contiguous zone for sovereign states, in which some control can be exercised (usually police and public-safety functions). The United States government occupies the South Pacific island. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a . See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. Main Phone +1 617-627-3700, Disclaimer | Resources are a more complicated matter. AP Human Geo - What do I need to know for AP Human Geo Unit 4 Territory - National Geographic Society In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. What is the EEZ? - National Ocean Service This presents a unique set of problems to the government and administration of fragmented states because there are physical barriers that prevent ease of transportation and limit the control that can be wielded by the centralized government. . Despite its criticisms, Mackinder's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. These disputes can arise over islands, border regions, or other areas that are perceived to have strategic or economic value. 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. - Definition & Meaning, Political Power & Territoriality: Definition & Example, International & Internal Boundaries: Definition & Function, Devolution, Supranationalism & Democratization, Political Science 102: American Government, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Chemical Safety: Preparation, Use, Storage, and Disposal, What is an Autoclave? QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. Which of these is an example of an exclave? Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? With the goal of sovereignty over these islands, these nations are competing to gain many miles of territory and exclusive economic zone. Freedom of the seas definition is the doctrine in which coastal countries used to handle the topic of international waters. China has tried to claim uninhabited islands, some human-made islands, to expand their ocean claim, hoping their exclusive economic zone would be larger by having more land. Broadly speaking, for purposes of international law, a territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity.In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. . Islands are naturally formed land areas surrounded by water on all sides. An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. Chapter 2: Maritime Zones - Law of the Sea - Tufts University The Contiguous Zone has limited sovereignty up to 24 nautical miles from the coast. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. With more 3.4 million square nautical miles (4 million square miles) of ocean, the U.S. EEZ is larger than the land area of all 50 states combined and is one of the largest EEZs in the world. The law of the sea ensures proper behavior of vessels using the ocean to better each nation's economy. Under the UNCLOS, states have the right to explore and exploit the resources of the high seas, subject to certain rules and conditions. AP Human Geo - 4.6 Internal Boundaries | Fiveable A 2,500-meter isobath means a line connecting the 2,500-meter depth of the seabed 10 LOSC, Article 79(1). High seas - The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country. Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention, Chapter 6: Maritime Security, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Chapter 9: LOSC Dispute Resolution Provisions, Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Coastal states also have sovereign rights to what's known as an exclusive economic zone, a 200-nautical-mile area extending from their coastline that allows these states special rights and privileges over other nations to natural resources, research, and environmental protection. This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. An antecedent boundary may come to be more relevant in the future if people begin to settle in the area; this is what happened with the boundary between the United States and Canada in Oregon. Choose one of the following three options to assist in the process of learning the vocabulary: 1. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. In addition to land, territory includes adjacent waters and associated airspace. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. The theory has been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. Ratzel was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, and studied natural sciences, history, and philosophy at the University of Munich. The Law of the Sea sets regulations for countries to follow concerning use of the ocean. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Disclaimer Source: Transport Geography Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water. In human societies, territoriality is often tied to ideas of ownership, sovereignty, and jurisdiction, and it is often used as a means of establishing and maintaining power and control. To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. AP Human Geography || Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. Islands must be above the water at high tide and able to sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.19 Islands possess the same maritime zones as other landmasses, including a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and continental shelf. War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? flashcard sets. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). One moose, two moose. Geography of Denmark - Wikipedia AP Human Geography: Practice Tests and Flashcards, A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n), If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n), A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be, Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. 166 lessons Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. According to the theory, the rimland is the pivot point of world politics because it is the hub of international trade and communication, and it is where the major sea routes converge. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Political power and territoriality are closely related concepts in the study of geopolitics. A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. States with river mouths are permitted to draw a straight baseline between the low-water lines on each bank.17. 43 according to the U.S. State Department. Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. To prevent abuse of the continental shelf provisions, the LOSC established the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). Boundary Disputes & The South China Sea [AP Human Geography Unit 4 Governments and other political actors may seek to defend their territory in order to protect their power and autonomy, and they may use their control of territory as a means of projecting their power and influence beyond their borders. Protection of human life 70 Article 147. jusinskij_54591. Study free AP Human Geography flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 created by pdeanna to improve your grades. Political Entity Types & Examples | What is a Political Entity? Ratzel's theory was influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. What is the "EEZ"? Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? This meant that other nations' fleets could come near another nation's coasts, take resources such as fish, and dump their waste into that same area. The Spratly Islands have been claimed, fought over, and continue to be disputed by numerous countries, such as the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Non-Discrimination | You cannot download interactives. 7 The second method is to use fixed distances in what is called the Hedberg formula. These rights need to be balanced with the freedom of navigation and access to resources outside State control the freedom of the seas. Edit. An elongated state is a state that is long and narrow. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. The CLCS uses scientists to evaluate States claims about the extent of their continental shelves and whether they conform to the Conventions standards. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Territorial seas - definition of Territorial seas by The Free Dictionary serves as a buffer between two much larger states, stretches a long way in one direction, but a comparably short way in the other direction, is completely surrounded by another state. Australia: It stands third in the matter of area which comes under EEZ area, and is behind the countries of the United States of America and France and leads in this regard over Russia. Territorial seas are the most straightforward zone. High Seas is anywhere past the EEZ. In many cases, political power is closely tied to territoriality, as the control of territory often confers economic, military, and symbolic advantages. The Organic Theory asserts that a nation's power and prosperity are determined by the size and quality of its territory. Territorial Sea - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The convention established international norms for recognizing sovereignty, boundaries, and international relations. Rather than having moving maritime boundaries, the baseline is fixed to begin at the low-water line along the coast. - Definition and Uses, Causes of Mutations: Recombination & Translocation, The Impact of a Country's Infrastructure on Businesses, Student Organizations & Advisors in Business Education, Staying Active in Teacher Organizations for Business Education, Carl Perkins' Effect on Technical Education Legislation, The Business Educator's Relationship with Schools & Communities, Work-Based Learning in Business Education, Comparing Historical Developments Across Time & Geography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). Many wars have been started by landlocked countries seeking to carve a path to the ocean through another country's territory. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. A fragmented state is a state that __________. While territorial seas are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal States, the coastal States rights are limited by the passage rights of other States, including innocent passage through the territorial sea and transit passage through international straits. Territorial dispute. According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. While Grotius was able to win the argument in a court of law, saying that those waters were international and that the British should return the goods, the English did not concede as they were much more powerful during that time. Territorial Waters. This doctrine is no longer used because it had many issues, mainly it increased pollution and plundered natural resources. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. I feel like its a lifeline. There are two methods to determine the extent of a continental margin under the LOSC. The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. For example, a sandbar can be considered a rock. Irredentism is often fueled by a sense of national identity or by a belief that the territory in question should be reunited with the country in order to be "complete" or "whole.". If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Accessed 1 May. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country's EEZ (exclusive economic zone) to extend 200 nautical miles. However, there are ongoing controversies around the world over the definition of those features and the zones they should produce. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. Cultural Hearth Overview & Examples | What is a Cultural Hearth? The continental shelf is a natural seaward extension of a land boundary. He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. The opposite of an elongated state is a compact state. answer. It proposes that the "heartland," a region located in the interior of the Eurasian landmass, is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's land power. Boundaries can be physical, such as a fence or wall, or they can be conceptual, such as a line on a map or a legal demarcation. Straight baselines can be considered in the case of economic interest peculiar to the region concerned if there is demonstrated long usage by the State drawing the baseline.16, River mouths are where rivers empty into the ocean. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Territoriality is a way for animals, including humans, to mark their territory and defend it from intruders. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ. Territorial Sea Everything from the baseline to a limit not exceeding twelve miles is considered the State's territorial sea. What Does The Term "International Waters" Mean? - WorldAtlas The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that describes how sea-going vessels should interact with each other and with marine resources in regional waters and the high seas. Even though these island chains are essentially uninhabited, many believe that there are important natural resources around them, hence the competing claims. In more recent times, China has built artificial islands in the area to help further its claims to large areas of sea. Unlike other zones whose existence derived from earlier international law, the EEZ was a creation of the LOSC. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. Devolutionary Forces | CourseNotes To save this word, you'll need to log in. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. The intention was to define each country and its control over the ocean specifically. AP Human Geography is ideal for introductory-level AP learning.

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