causes and effects of the second industrial revolution

These governors came into use in the late 18th century on wind and water mills to correctly position the gap between mill stones, and were adapted to steam engines by James Watt. The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. Justus von Liebig was the first to understand the importance of ammonia as fertilizer, and promoted the importance of inorganic minerals to plant nutrition. The oligarchical ownership of companies, if not entire industries by wealthy individual business magnates that had dominated during the original Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-19th century was slowly replaced by todays model of wider public distribution of ownership through the sale of stock to individual investors and institutions such as banks and insurance companies. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. Maxwell himself developed the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and published the first scientific treatment of control theory. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. [95] Although commercial aviation existed before WWII, it became a major industry after the war. Cotton mill workers from Indianapolis, circa 1908. [52], The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Longley, Robert. Practice Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution with practice problems and explanations. "Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution." Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. For the first time, goods from the American heartland could be shipped long distances, eliminating the need for local bartering systems. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s. Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries. When the averages of all southern states and all northern states are taken, the trend holds with the North over-performing by about 2 percent, and the South under-performing by about 1 percent. Steel Replaces Iron (Henry Bessemer) 3. The steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. All unnecessary human motions were eliminated by placing all work and tools within easy reach, and where practical on conveyors, forming the assembly line, the complete process being called mass production. Following Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base. [69] Control theory was developed to analyze the functioning of centrifugal governors on steam engines. Now they are working in a factory that is clock-regulated and unchanging.. [102], The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. In essence, this was a period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement that took place between the . Learn. Carruthers, George. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. "Koops. New products and services were introduced which greatly increased international trade. First used to report the current location of trains, the telegraph further facilitated the growth of the railroads, as well as financial and commodity markets by reducing the cost of transmitting information within and between firms. Where and when did the Industrial Revolution take place? Terms in this set (3) . Osbon, G. A., 1965, The Crimean War gunboats. Early U.S. railroads had used wrought iron rails imported from Britain. The Cowper stove is still used in today's blast furnaces. This made many nations experience economic growth, becoming richer and more developed every day. ThoughtCo. Eric Niiler is a freelance science and technology writer based in the Washington, D.C. area. The sharp consciousness of stern economic conditions was thus thrust upon us in the midst of the season of good will.. [19] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[20] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. This mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. The higher rate of employment is easily seen by considering the 1909 rates of employment compared to the populations of each state in the 1910 census. [40] In 1850 Young built the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world at Bathgate, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856. The first seagoing iron steamboat was built by Horseley Ironworks and named the Aaron Manby. "Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution." The ammonia produced in the Haber process is the main raw material for production of nitric acid. Iron caused problems with expansion and contraction, which stressed the iron and caused failure. Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production.[29]. [99], Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. Bison had yielded to cattle; mountains had been blasted and bored. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. 1. One of his earliest engines was the grasshopper beam engine. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? The practice of child labor remained common until 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA) imposed the first nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and working hours. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution. Factory employees did not earn much, and the work was often dangerous. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. Noted inventor Thomas Edison at the lightbulb's golden jubilee anniversary banquet in his honor, Orange, New Jersey, October 16, 1929. Major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. 51, 103116 & Preston, A., & Major, 1965, J., Send a gunboat. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. [101], In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. The rails were laid at part of the station approach where the iron rails had to be renewed at least every six months, and occasionally every three. If a Western Rip Van Winkle had fallen asleep in 1869 and awakened in 1896, he would not have recognized the lands that the railroads had touched, White writes. Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. [63] Alloy steels were used for ball bearings which were used in large scale bicycle production in the 1880s. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. The iconic event was the opening of the First transcontinental railroad in 1869, providing six-day service between the East Coast and San Francisco. Products More Affordable 2. Who were some important inventors of the Industrial Revolution? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Centralized expertise in the home office was not enough. Ball and roller bearings also began being used in machinery. The science of metallurgy was advanced through the work of Henry Clifton Sorby and others. The revolution in naval design led to the first modern battleships in the 1870s, evolved from the ironclad design of the 1860s. It was in the 1840s, that Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia and Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Saxony both invented a successful machine which extracted the fibres from wood (as with rags) and from it, made paper. There have been other times that have been called "second industrial revolution". Inventors and Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Causes-and-Effects. Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. [15] Other important steel productsalso made using the open hearth processwere steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. The turbine's first application was in shipping followed by electric generation in 1903. Oscillating engines had the piston rods connected directly to the crankshaft, dispensing with the need for connecting rods. [28], The first modern power station in the world was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti at Deptford. Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influentialhis discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. Flashcards. It was John Penn, engineer for the Royal Navy who perfected the oscillating engine. [52], Crop failures no longer resulted in starvation in areas connected to large markets through transport infrastructure.[52]. French engineer Pierre-mile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in 1865. Population Growth and Movement in the Industrial Revolution, Coal Demand and the Industrial Revolution, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, Notable American Inventors of the Industrial Revolution, Economic Growth: Inventions, Development, and Tycoons, The Railways in the Industrial Revolution, The Development of Banking in the Industrial Revolution, The Differences Between Communism and Socialism. How did the Industrial Revolution change economies? [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. Factories produced sewing machines for home use, steel girders for skyscrapers and railroad tracks that cut through the plains and mountains. The "acid" Bessemer process had a serious limitation in that it required relatively scarce hematite ore[12] which is low in phosphorus. The first of Mushet's steel rails was sent to Derby Midland railway station. Learn. 18 terms. In 1863 he used etching with acid to study the microscopic structure of metals and was the first to understand that a small but precise quantity of carbon gave steel its strength. The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention. Carsten Burhop, "Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: the Case of E. Merck,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Productivity improving technologies (historical), Economic history of Germany#Industrial Revolution, The Second Industrial Revolution: 18701914, "Second Industrial Revolution: The Technological Revolution", History of Electricity, Institute for Energy Research. People are coming from rural backgrounds who are used to self-directing their work, which is organized around the seasons and light, Freeman says. On average, states in the North had both a higher population, and a higher rate of employment than states in the South. The next great advance in steel making was the SiemensMartin process. Many worked 14 to 16 hours per day six days per week. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. This difference was most notable in the states with the largest populations, such as New York and Pennsylvania. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. In 1844 he replaced the engines of the Admiralty yacht, HMSBlack Eagle with oscillating engines of double the power, without increasing either the weight or space occupied, an achievement which broke the naval supply dominance of Boulton & Watt and Maudslay, Son & Field. The boat was built at Tipton using temporary bolts, disassembled for transportation to London, and reassembled on the Thames in 1822, this time using permanent rivets. Long-distance transportation networks connected by rail, steamship and canals opened new markets for farmers, factory owners and bankers who could bring Americas natural resources to a global marketplace. At the same time, all kinds of goods became standardized for the first time, according to Priya Satia, professor of international history at Stanford University. Willie Hume demonstrated the supremacy of Dunlop's newly invented pneumatic tyres in 1889, winning the tyre's first ever races in Ireland and then England. [29][34] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. Chapter 7 - The Bureaucracy. By replacing the fire hazards of gaslighting, the initial cost of converting to electric lighting was quickly offset by reduced fire insurance premiums. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in 1882[27] and later at Pearl Street Station in New York City. Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships. On its completion in 1891 it supplied high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. [6], It was Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi who successfully commercialized radio at the turn of the century. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, not simply a motorized-stage coach or horse carriage. Match. Many factory owners became rich. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial . The last document in the set is dated 1919. Businesses in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low and falling profit rates and price deflation after 1873. 40 terms. For working-class families, prosperity was often followed by poverty as the availability of work rose and fell depending on the demand for goods. This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority. Machines More Efficient 3. Top-level decision-making was in the hands of professional salaried managers, leading Chandler to call the German dye companies "the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises". and Brian Harrison. In 1700, before the widespread use of fossil fuels . 6) Scientific Revolution. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the Benz Patent Motorwagen) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span. But during the testing of a boat propelled by one, the screw snapped off, leaving a fragment shaped much like a modern boat propeller. [6] The Otto engine soon began being used to power automobiles, and remains as today's common gasoline engine. In 1865, the open-hearth process enabled the production of steel cable, rods, plates, gears, and axels used to build the higher-pressure steam boilers needed for more powerful factory engines. Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1901.[58]. Sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed by its ardent supporter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FSLA prohibited the employment of minors in oppressive child labor, established a mandatory minimum wage, and limited the number of hours employees should work. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. [43] Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S.[44] The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters. [29] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. Electricity 4. Created by. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. Longley, Robert. Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts, as well as the invention of the Bessemer process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).[2]. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . The early technique of hot blast used iron for the regenerative heating medium. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. Railroads were largely responsible for this great burst of economic production, according to Richard White, a Stanford history professor and author of Railroaded (2001). Road networks improved greatly in the period, using the Macadam method pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, and hard surfaced roads were built around the time of the bicycle craze of the 1890s. [98], During the Gilded Age, American railroad mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880, and tripled again by 1920, opening new areas to commercial farming, creating a truly national marketplace and inspiring a boom in coal mining and steel production. Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). [33] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. The screw propeller was introduced in 1835 by Francis Pettit Smith who discovered a new way of building propellers by accident. The girls said they worked long hours in a candy factory and couldnt stand the sight or smell of it. [32][45] Similar developments around Baku fed the European market.

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