cocos plate and north american plate boundary type

Olympic National Park, Washington In 1989 and 1990, Mt. Without warning the plane flew right through the eruption cloud at 25,000 feet (7,500 meters) altitude. Ancient magma chamber rocks can be exposed if subduction stops and the volcanoes erode away. What are the 4 types of plate boundaries? There is tremendous deformation of the pre-existing continental rocks, and creation of mountains from that rock, from any sediments that had accumulated along the shores (i.e., within geosynclines) of both continental masses, and commonly also from some ocean crust and upper mantle material. Pangea, which existed from about 350 to 200 Ma, was not the first supercontinent. Convergent boundaries , where two plates are moving toward each other, are of three types, depending on the type of crust present on either side of the boundary oceanic or continental . This plate is moving north west towards the Eurasia plate. Fortunately, no one was injured. This plate is small. By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. St. Helens in 1980. Left image Tilted layers of thick sandstone (pink) and thin shale (dark) along the coast at Olympic National Park reveal the enormous forces that lifted and deformed the oceanic layers as the Juan de Fuca and North American plates converged. Kenai Fjords National Park lies within a coastal mountain range (accretionary wedge) formed as the Pacific Plate subducts beneath southern Alaska. The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. Australia plate, Eurasia plate, Africa plate, Arabia plate. Magma from the mantle pushing up to fill the voids left by divergence of the two plates, Magma cooling more slowly in the lower part of the new crust and forming gabbro bodies, Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Plates tect2 en by the. The Pacific Northwest is an exciting place to observe geologic processes in action. A convergent plate boundary is a location where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, often causing one plate to slide below the other (in a process known as subduction). Regional tectonics of Central America are mainly controlled by the collision of the Cocos and the Caribbean plates. When the plates suddenly let go, a massive earthquake will shake the entire Pacific Northwest, a series of tsunami waves will pound the Coast, and landslides will make it difficult to reach some of those in need. Step 2/2. When mixed with water from glaciers, snowmelt, and streams, these materials can make very dense, fast-moving volcanic mudflows (known sometimes by the Indonesian term lahar). What plate boundary is the Philippines and Eurasian Plate? An ancient volcano, Mt. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. The Cascadia Subduction Zone has two parallel mountain ranges separated by a low region near sea level. Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges. Redoubt, an active volcano in Lake Clark National Park, illustrates how a volcano can pose an unexpected hazard in our modern age and why monitoring volcanic activity is so important (see photo below). Legal. The Philippine Sea plate is tectonically unusual in that almost all the boundaries are convergent. The eruption of Aniakchak Volcano about 3,500 years ago rivals the eruption and collapse of Mt. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Pillow basalts attest to the oceanic origins of the rock layers, as they formed from lava flows that cooled on the ocean floor. Mt. These quarters featured iconic images that have special meaning to each state. The Cocos Plate Examine the interactive globe. Farther east the Juan de Fuca Plate descends deeper and deeper. The Cocos Plate is a tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. Mazama, erupted and collapsed 7,700 years ago, forming the large cavity (caldera) that now holds Crater Lake. Individual earthquakes can offset or lift the land a fraction of an inch or a few inches (centimeters) at a time. Kenai Fjords National Park Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? Thus subduction-zone volcanoesincluding those in the Cascadescan be explosive (think of the release of steam in a boiling pot of thick oatmeal). Parks in the Cascadia Subduction Zone dramatically display the two distinct mountain ranges the Coast Range just above where the Juan de Fuca Plate begins to subduct, and the volcanic Cascade Range farther inland, where the top of the plate is deeper. South America plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasia plate, North America plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Australia plate. The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. A series of explosions and ash clouds from the peak between 1914 and 1921 represents the last large volcanic eruption within the lower 48 states prior to Washingtons Mt. The boundary between the two plates is the Nootka Fault, which is the location of frequent small-to-medium earthquakes (roughly up to magnitude 5), as depicted by the red stars. CC BY. The eastern boundary is a transform fault, the Panama Fracture Zone. Examine the figure below. The 6-mile (10-kilometer) wide caldera is about 2,000 feet (600 meters) deep. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). The major plates are Eurasia, Pacific, India, Australia, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctic. The map shows the major tectonic plates that compose Earth's crust and upper mantle Arrows indicate direction of plate movement and the size of the arrows indicate rate of movement. Rocks in Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree national parks contain exumed magma chamber rock that formed beneath the ancient volcanoes. See Appendix 3 for Exercise 10.4 answers. Visits to coastal NPS sites in the Pacific Northwest can help us appreciate the landscapes that develop over time because of these large quakes, and learn how we are preparing our homes, communities, and infrastructure for the next Big One.. Start with the major plates, and then work on the smaller ones. But the incident highlighted the importance of monitoring volcanic activity and making the information immediately available to the airline industry and other segments of the public. Roughly 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? The Cocos Ridge (CR), which formed when the Cocos Plate drifted over the Galapagos Hotspot (Walther, 2003) , is a bathymetric high reaching about 2 km above the surrounding seafloor and stretching about 2000 km long and 200-300 km wide across the Cocos Plate . Volcanoes in national parks in the Cascades have eruptive personalities that reflect the complex magma systems associated with subduction zones. The rising hot water causes overlying rock to melt, generating magma that at times erupts out on the surface as lava flows and other materials forming Mt. Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Accretionary WedgeCoast Ranges [3 parks], Accretionary WedgeSouthern Alaska [1park]. The apparent line of collision runs between Norway and Sweden, between Scotland and England, through Ireland, through Newfoundland, and the Maritimes, through the northeastern and eastern states, and across the northern end of Florida. This plate starts at the western edge of South America and stretches east into the southwestern parst of the Atlantic Ocean. As fluid basalt lava flows into the ocean it forms a pile of globular structures known as pillows. Lake Clark National Park The Cocos Plate was created approximately 23 million years ago when the Farallon Plate broke into two pieces, which also created the Nazca Plate. Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. North America plate, Australia plate, Antarctic plate, Nazca plate, Filipino plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. Poking through the mass of some of the highest mountains in North America are very young volcanoes formed by the ongoing Pacific Plate subduction. Redwood National and State Parks, California Eurasia plate, Pacific plate, Africa plate, Caribbean plate, South America plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. This plate is moving north east towards the Caribbean and North America plates. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. Rainier National Park is an active composite volcano rising more than 14,000 feet above sea level. Would you characterize earthquake activity as. Which is true? There is commonly an ocean trench along the boundary. Looking first at Washington, one sees Mt. The subducted lithosphere descends into the hot mantle at a relatively shallow angle close to the subduction zone, but at steeper angles farther down (up to about 45). Spreading rates vary considerably, from 2 cm/y to 6 cm/y in the Atlantic, to between 12 cm/y and 20 cm/y in the Pacific. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise. Many rift valleys are part of " triple junctions," a type of divergent boundary where three tectonic plates meet at about 120 angles. Modified from Oregon's Island in the Sky: Geology Road Guide to Marys Peak, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 75 pp., 2017, www.amazon.com/dp/1540611965. Pangea began to rift apart along a line between Africa and Asia and between North America and South America at around 200 Ma. The volcano is still active, having erupted in 1931. And at times, lower-silica components of their magma chambers erupt, producing basalt lava flows as well as cinders and volcanic bombs. Today Feature labels. When a series of mantle plumes exists beneath a large continent, the resulting rifts may align and lead to the formation of a rift valley (such as the present-day Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa). It is subducting under (that is, being forced under) the South American plate. But given enough time, the Coast Ranges lift up distances we can measure, while at the same time wind, rain, and the pounding of waves wear the landscape back down. KEFJKenai Fjords National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], CRLACrater Lake National Park, Oregon[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], LAVOLassen Volcanic National Park, California[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], MORAMount Rainier National Park, Washington[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], ANIAAniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], KATMKatmai National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home], LACLLake Clark National Park, Alaska[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home]. This map shows the Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Explorer Plates off the coast of Vancouver Island. Mazama, Aniakchak spewed lava across its caldera floor for centuries after its collapse. As explained above, most transform faults connect segments of mid-ocean ridges and are thus ocean-ocean plate boundaries (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). This plate is small. The Cascadia Subduction Zone and Southern Alaska are the sites of ongoing subduction as the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates slide beneath the North American Plate. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. It is released when the oceanic crust is heats and then rises and mixes with the overlying mantle. Stack the quarters with Washington on top, Oregon in the middle and California on the bottom. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Summary. They contain explosive volcanoes formed as fluids rise from the top of the subducting plate and generate magma as they melt their way to the surface. The Cocos plate was created about 23 million years ago when a larger plate broke into two pieces. Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. The lake partially fills a collapsed crater (caldera) that formed when a 12,000-foot (3,700-meter) composite volcano, Mt. The rising water melts rock in its path, forming a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. Feature labels. As described above in the context of Benioff zones (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)), earthquakes take place close to the boundary between the subducting crust and the overriding crust. Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area are the only two NPS sites that are right on the San Andreas Fault. Eventually Africa will split apart. This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). A forearc basin develops in the low area between the two mountain ranges. Rainier, a composite volcano rising to over 14,000 feet above sea level in Mt. Asterisk - Location of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. Taiwan area is the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasia plate, which has complex interaction, attracting much attention[3033]. The Coast Range (accretionary wedge), Great Valley (forearc basin), and Sierra Nevada (volcanic arc) still reflect the subduction zone topography. The major plates are Eurasia, Pacific, India, Australia, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctic. Among them are Mt. Colors denote depth below sea level and elevation on land. It is bordered by the Caribbean, North American, Pacific, and Nazca tectonic plates. Some geological processes act so slowly that we may think of the Earth as rock-solid and unmoving. This beauty is part of the reason that residents and visitors have learned to tolerate, and develop ways to mitigate, the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptionsbeasts that are consequences of the same tectonic forces that create the regions beauty. But if the lava spills out from beneath the ocean, it encounters cold water and hardens quickly as a pile of pillows. It is suggested that this type of valley eventually develops into a linear sea (such as the present-day Red Sea), and finally into an ocean (such as the Atlantic). Elias National Park In her version of the Oreo cookie demonstration, the creamy filling is the layers of sediment and basalt on the ocean floor. Puget Sound and the Willamette Valley are areas near sea level between the coastal and volcanic mountain ranges. Crater Lake. If this continues without changing for another couple hundred million years, we will be back to where we started, with one supercontinent. Along much of the boundary, the bulk of the motion occurs along the San Andreas Fault. The Nazca plate is a large tectonic plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean near the western coast of South America. As they were caught in the vise between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, some of the layers were so contorted that they are now in vertical orientations along the coast. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. St. Helens. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all found in abundance. North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. Most divergent boundaries are located along mid-ocean oceanic ridges (although some are on land). St. Helens, a lava dome later grew within the breached crater near the mountains summit. Vents and fractures (also called fissures ) in these mid-ocean ridges allow magma and gases to escape into the ocean. Five park sites in southern Alaska showcase landscapes formed by the subduction of the northward-moving Pacific Plate beneath North America. Mazama that formed Crater Lake. Katmai volcano did collapse, but unlike Mt. Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. Crater Lake partially fills the caldera of a volcano that erupted and collapsed in on Itself 7,700 years ago. Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park is an amalgamation of rhyolite lava domes. Volcanic and metamorphic rocks exposed in Kenai Fjords National Park reveal the incredible forces that occur at an ocean/continent subduction zone. Wrangell, a 14,163 foot (4,317 meter) volcano that last erupted during the early part of the 20th Century. This affects not only plant and animal communities, but also human habitation and land use. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. Is the Nazca plate convergent or divergent? Mazama 7,700 years before, the material expelled from its magma chamber did not spew forth out of the top of the volcano. Note that the dark blue line does not run further up the coast. On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. This page titled 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Earle (BCCampus) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. The grinding action also produces devastating earthquakes, including some that result in giant tsunami waves. It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. Bold numbers are the years of moderately large (larger than about M7) historical earthquakes written next to their approximate location. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve contains an active composite volcano with a profile and recent history reminiscent of Mt. Boundaries between the plates are of three types: divergent (i.e., moving apart), convergent (i.e., moving together), and transform (moving side by side). Between 200 and 150 Ma, rifting started between South America and Africa and between North America and Europe, and India moved north toward Asia. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected]. Transform faults do not just connect divergent boundaries. Mazama, Aniakchak no longer holds a large lake because the caldera wall is breached. What type of boundary is the Philippine plate? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This contortion attests to the great forces that squeezed and lifted the layers from the sea. MORB Mid ocean ridge basalt subduction zones The 1,200-kilometer-long San Andreas fault zone is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, and thus is known as a transform fault. This situation may not continue for too much longer, however. Pillow lavas form on the ocean floor where erupting magma encounters cold sea water. The resulting magmas can therefore have a variety of compositions, ranging from the original (low-silica) basalt, to (intermediate-silica) andesite, all the way up to (high-silica) rhyolite. Sediment that has accumulated on the continental slope is thrust up into an accretionary wedge, and compression leads to thrusting within the continental plate (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)). Garibaldi to Lassen Peak, coincides with the north-to-south extent of the subducting plate boundary. A mature island arc develops into a chain of relatively large islands (such as Japan or Indonesia) as more and more volcanic material is extruded and sedimentary rocks accumulate around the islands. Before we talk about processes at plate boundaries, its important to point out that there are never gaps between plates. Layers of sandstone and shale deposited on the top of the Pacific Plate were later metamorphosed to quartzite and slate as the plate subducted beneath southern Alaska, and then shoved upward as part of the accretionary wedge. A subduction zone will develop, and the oceanic plate will begin to descend under the continent. A variety of earthquakes shake the Pacific Northwest due to plate-tectonic activity. Sites in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal the eroded roots of an ancient volcanic range that formed when the subduction zone extended much farther south. Imagine if Mt. The buoyancy of the mantle plume material creates a dome within the crust, causing it to fracture in a radial pattern, with three arms spaced at approximately 120 (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). The caldera has partially filled with water an approximately half-scale version of the better-known Crater Lake in Oregon. The plate boundary is a broad zone of deformation with a width of about 60 miles (100 kilometers). Similarly the South American Plate extends across the western part of the southern Atlantic Ocean, while the European and African plates each include part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated. At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate in the same manner as at an ocean-ocean boundary. To see the timing of these processes for yourself, go to time lapse of Continental Movements. Examples of continent-continent convergent boundaries are the collision of the India Plate with the Eurasian Plate, creating the Himalaya Mountains, and the collision of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate, creating the series of ranges extending from the Alps in Europe to the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The Cocos plate is found on the west side of Mexico. What type of boundary is the Cocos Plate? The northern boundary of the Cocos Plate is the Middle America Trench. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. Illustrations above modified from Earth: Portrait of a Planet", by S. Marshak, 2001, W. W. Norton & Comp., New York. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Increased temperature and pressure at that depth cause the rocks to metamorphose and dehydrate (sweat).

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