list of broken treaties with native american tribes

It was a series of 8,000 sculptures that had been buried alongside a grand tomb. But they quickly became interested in federal Indian policy as they recognized that policy as the root of Indian issues. After U.S. troops under General Mad Anthony Wayne defeated them in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Miami chief Little Turtle and other Native leaders ceded large parts of what would become Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin in the Greeneville Treaty. Elected president in 1828, Jackson spearheaded the Indian Removal Act (1830) through Congress, by which the U.S. government granted land west of the Mississippi River to Native tribes who agreed to give up their homelands. The Treaty of Greenville saw the tribes of the Northwestern Confederacy cede large tracts of land in present-day Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois. [12] Harjo says many American Indians in California suffered without treaty protection. Something went wrong. Inspired by the movement unfolding at his doorstep, the younger Tayac soon became involved in the AIM Resurrection Project, which organized the remnant communities of peoples and local tribes along the East Coast. hide caption. You may also like: Biggest Native American tribes in the U.S. today Called the Trail of Broken Treaties, the demonstration brought caravans of Native American activists from the West Coast to Washington, D.C. to demand redress for years of failed and destructive federal Indian policies. Despite this sentiment, white settlers were already moving onto the lands designated for the Cherokee, leading to more conflict and the Treaty of Holston (1791), in which the Cherokee forfeited still more land. Treaty with the Comanche, Ioni, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc. For most of American history, tribal governments tended to deal with the government on a one-to-one basis. A map of Native American cessions in the Northwest from 1789 to 1816. The new direct-action tactics, moreover, brought Native American issues to the center of American politics. The Ratified Indian Treaties that were transferred from the U.S. State Department to the National Archives were recently conserved and imaged for the first time, and in 2020 made available online with additional context at the Indigenous Digital Archive's Treaties Explorer, or DigiTreaties.org.[34][35]. "No one gave us anything. In 1974, a group of seven farmers in China accidentally uncovered a 2,200-year-old Terracotta Army while digging a well for their village. The treaty stipulated peace between the Lenape and the U.S. as well as mutual support against the British. [15] The president never proclaimed the treaty, a necessary step that makes treaties official, and the U.S. adjusted the purchase price to $2,000. Stacker believes in making the worlds data more accessible through Courtesy of the DC Public Library Washington Start Collection. But despite the Courts ruling inWorcester v. Georgia(1832) that the Cherokee and other tribes were sovereign nations, the removal continued. From the main Microfilm Catalog page, click Advanced Search (next to the Search button). [14] In this treaty, negotiated by William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, with Native tribes including the Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami and Eel River tribes, the United States acquired 2.5 million acres of land in what is now Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, for the equivalent of about two cents per acre. Suzan Shown Harjo points to a signature on Treaty K at the National Archives. Despite the Supreme Courts reaffirmation of the Ojibwes hunting and gathering rights on ancestral lands in 1999, conflicts over the use of these lands, including for pipeline development, are ongoing. But mutual suspicion continued, especially after Pennsylvania militiamen killed nearly 100 Lenape (most of them women and children) at the village of Gnadenhutten in March 1782, mistakenly believing they were responsible for attacks against white settlers. [9] But in the fall of 1972, the objectives laid out in the Twenty Points plan were overshadowed by the events that unfolded after the caravans arrival in Washington. From 1778 to 1871, the United States signed some 368 treaties with various Indigenous people across the North American continent. But as white settlers began moving onto Native American lands, this idea came into conflict with the relentless pace ofwestward expansionresulting in many broken promises on the part of the U.S. government. TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES, 1778 TREATY OF FORT STANWIX, 1784 Jennifer, the younger twin, had scars and birthmarks on her body that were identical to Jacqueline's, the younger deceased sister. Of the nearly 370 treaties negotiated between the U.S. and tribal leaders, Stacker has compiled a list of 15 broken treaties negotiated between 1777 and 1868 using news, archival documents, and Indigenous and governmental historical reports. President Andrew Jackson had long been a violent proponent of the forced relocation of Indigenous tribes from the southeast to western areas, leading military efforts against the Creek Nation in 1814 and negotiating many treaties which dispossessed tribes of their lands. As Standing Rock Sioux activist and historian Vine Deloria, Jr. explained, The increased militancy of Indians began to spread across the country as people heard about the fishing-rights issue. There is a popular tendency to think of these treaties as inanimate artifacts of the distant past. The 1840s. "The physical treaty, like all things, will eventually fade," Gover says. The U.S. military and representatives of a tribe, or sub unit of a tribe, signed documents which were understood at the time to be treaties, rather than armistices, ceasefires and truces. The boundaries outlined in the treaty were hastily redrawn to allow white Americans to mine the area. The treaty established. In the following years, the U.S. did not enforce the treaty terms, and the lands inhabited by the Iroquois Confederacy continued to shrink. It also promised an annual payment by the United States to the Haudenosaunee of $4,500 in goods, including calico cloth. "And if it's not gold, it's silver. Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior, Treaty with the Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians. [10] Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, American Indian and Alaska Native Records in the National Archives, Published Government Sources Relating to Native Americans, Guide to Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives, 17891989, Bicentennial Edition, Return to Researching American Indians Main Page, How to File a FOIA Request for Archival Records. republish under a Creative Commons License, and we encourage you to The takeover of Alcatraz the following year mobilized Native Americans across the country, and influenced the direction of AIMs work. Indians began to examine the conditions under which they lived, and they soon seethed with discontent and a new determination to correct the injustices.[3] But this was more than an extension of the Civil Rights Movement. [5] Marie, Treaty with the Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River, Treaty with the Blackfeet and other tribes, List of treaties of the Confederate States of America, List of treaties unsigned or unratified by the United States, "Treaty Between the English and the Powhatan Indians, October 1646", The Great Treaty of 1722 Between the Five Nations, the Mahicans, and the Colonies of New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, Milestones: 17761783: The Model Treaty, 1776, Journals of the Continental Congress --THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 1783, Treaty between the King of Prussia and the United States of America. An estimated 10 to 25 percent of Cherokee would dieduring the 1,200-mile trek to Oklahoma, later known as the Trail of Tears.. For centuries, treaties have defined the relationship between many Native American nations and the U.S. More than 370 ratified treaties have helped the U.S. expand its territory and led to many broken promises made to American Indians. Sioux leaders rejected the payment, saying the land had never been for sale. Hundreds of Native Americans are killed in the ensuing battle. All Rights Reserved. But after gold was discovered in the Black Hills, miners and settlers began moving onto the land en masse. As more white settlers moved west into the Great Lake region, a Native American confederacy including the Shawnee and Delaware, who had already been driven westward by U.S. expansion, as well as the Miami, Ottawa, Ojibwa and Potawatomi, mounted an armed resistance beginning in the late 1780s. Before the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the leaders of various North American colonies negotiated treaties that affected the territory of what would later become the United States. The U.S. government has agreed to pay a total of $492 million to 17 American Indian tribes for mismanaging natural resources and other tribal assets, according to . Of the 859 Potawatomi people who began what would later be known as the Trail of Death, 40 died, many of whom were children. Collectively known as the Treaty of Hopewell, these agreements extended the friendship and protection of the United States to the southern Native American tribes; all three ended with the same sentence: The hatchet shall be forever buried, and peace given by the United States of America.. April 30, 2023 contribute now After Tecumsehs death in battle in 1813, his confederacy dissolved, along with his dream of Native American independence. Organizations like the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), which had played a key role in the Poor Peoples Campaign, and the Survival of American Indians Association (SAIA) drew upon the direct action tactics of the Civil Rights Movement to advocate for Indian rights. Violations Against Native Americans. It currently features one of the first compacts between the U.S. and Native American nations the Treaty of Canandaigua. Treaty With the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache; October 21, 1867. Red Jacket, chief of the Seneca (Iroquois) tribe, and signatory to the Treaty of Canandaigua. The Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi Nations banded together as the Northwestern Confederacy and assembled an armed resistance to prevent further colonization. Despite this apparent act of friendship, the land returned to the Six Nations was lost to U.S. expansion, and the tribes were forced to relocate. To bring a peaceful end to the siege, the Nixon administration made a deal with the caravan leadership that provided the participants immunity from prosecution and roughly $66,500 in travel expenses to return the demonstrators to their homes. Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement at home and the Third World Movements abroad, newly empowered and organized Native Americans embarked on a new campaign for Native American Rights in 1972. The caravan was meant to generate publicity that would draw Americans attention to the governments failure to uphold its treaty obligations. However, this supposed peace did not last long: In 1782, Pennsylvania militiamen murdered almost 100 Lenape citizens at Gnadenhutten, forcing the Lenape out toward Ohio. With more demonstrators continuing to arrive from around the country, that number quickly grew to more than 1,000. In 1838, roughly 16,000 Cherokees were rounded up by the U.S. military and forced to march 5,043 miles to their new lands. And we like our information in a 10-pack usually. The Indian Removal Act created a process by which the president could exchange tribal lands in the eastern United States for federally designated land west of the Mississippi River by negotiating removal treaties with Indigenous nations. James Clark/NPR In 2018, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe and the Fort Belknap Indian Community sued the Trump administration for violations concerning the permitting of the Keystone XL Pipeline, which was shut down in June 2021. Despite the damning evidence gathered by the demonstrators, the occupation backfired, at least in the immediate aftermath. Two years after the culmination of the Civil War, violence against Plains tribes instigated by westward-moving white settlers came to a head. In the first official peace treaty between the new United States and a Native American nation, both sides agreed to maintain friendship and support each other against the British. The Confederacy was defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers and forced to sue for peace. The Canandaigua Treaty of the 1794. Although the Trail of Broken Treaties did not accomplish all that its organizers had hoped, it would be a mistake to call the demonstration a failure. By that time, Congress had ended the nearly 100-year-old practice of making treaties with individual Native American tribes, declaring in 1871 that henceforth, no Indian nation or tribeshall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.. Stacker distribution partners receive a license to all Stacker stories, There are a few guidelines and The demonstrators acted quickly to barricade the doors with furniture. In other words, any treaty made between the U.S. and Native American tribes could be broken by Congress, rendering treaties essentially powerless. hide caption. Over the years, as the Six Nations territory was further reduced, the Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora and some Oneida remained in New York on reservations, while the Mohawk and Cayuga left for Canada and the Oneida settled in Wisconsin and Ontario. This was our land. [2] Towns at the northern border also have relations within reservations within South Dakota. By 1972, years of Native American activism had brought about the end of the disastrous policy of termination. By 1808, Shawnee war chiefTecumsehhad organized a Native confederacy to mount armed resistance to continued U.S. seizure of Native American lands. Increasingly, AIM and other Native activists focused on mobilizing Native Americans across the country to protest federal Indian policy through a series of direct-action demonstrations called confrontation politics. Consciously modeled on the sit-ins in the American South, the fish-ins triggered a wave of resistance across the Northwest and the nation. [2] But 200 years of federal Indian policy had stripped Native American communities of most of their land, resources, and ability to act as independent nations. Explains that the siege at wounded knee in 1973 was the greatest example of courage in the fight for native american civil rights. This new treaty also created the Leech Lake and Mille Lacs Reservations and allotted reservation land to individual families. Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans. These are treaties that the United States has made with other sovereign international states. We had to take control, occupy, and fight-whatever it took to bring our grievances to the forefront.[4] No longer would Native issues be pushed to the margins. The signing of a treaty between William T. Sherman and the Sioux in a tent at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, 1868. The treaty restored more than 1 million acres of land to the Seneca that had been ceded by treaty 10 years earlier and recognized the sovereignty of the Six Nations to govern themselves and set laws. In this treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in what is now Wyoming, the U.S. government recognized the Black Hills of Dakota as the Great Sioux Reservation, the exclusive territory of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota and Nakota) and Arapaho people. hide caption. Responding to demands from Native American rights organizations like the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), in 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson called for Indian self-determinationa new federal stance that would end termination and promote equal access to economic opportunity for Native Americans. When the BIA denied them assistance, tensions boiled over, initiating a week-long occupation of the BIA building. The Treaty of Canandaigua is one of the first treaties signed between Native American nations and the U.S. Also known as the Pickering Treaty, the agreement was signed in 1794 between the federal government and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, or the Six Nations, based in New York. In the 1980 case United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. had illegally expropriated the Black Hills, and that the Sioux were entitled to over $100 million in reparations. As long as the United States has negotiated treaties with Indigenous nations, it has broken those treaties. The majority of Cherokee opposed the treaty, but Congress ratified it anyway, and in 1838 the federal government sent 7,000 U.S. soldiers to enforce the removal of the Cherokees. 2020 October 13, "Indian Affairs Laws and Treaties - Acts of Forty-third Congress - First Session 1874 - Chapter 136", List of documents relating to the negotiation of ratified and unratified treaties with various Indian Tribes, 18011869 (1949), List of Treaties between the U.S. and Foreign Nations 17781845, List of Treaties between the U.S. and Indian Tribes 17781842, Indian Land Cessions in the U.S., 1784 to 1894: List of Dates, United States Treaties and International Agreements: 17761949, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_treaties&oldid=1151532525, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from September 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, Convention Between the State of New York and the Oneida Indians, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, Supplementary article to the Treaty with the Creeks of January 24, 1826, Treaty with the Chippewa, Menomonie, Winnebago, Third Treaty of Prairie du Chien, Treaty with the Winnebago, Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes, etc., Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien. Answer (1 of 5): Over 500 treaties were made and every one of them were either broken changed or nullified. Scheduled meetings with officials at the Department of Interior, the Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce were canceled without notice. On July 9, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision McGirt v. Oklahoma, a case to determine whether Oklahoma . Burns Paiute Tribe. clues are about? This is a list of treaties to which the United States has been a party or which have had direct relevance to U.S. history. Pike met with a group of Dakota leaders, who allegedly ceded 100,000 acres of land to build a fort and promote U.S. trade in exchange for an unspecified amount of money. C.. All Rights Reserved. The Sioux turned down the money, saying that the land had never been for sale. Paul Morigi/AP For thousands of years, more than 60 Native American tribes lived in Oregon's diverse environmental regions. Further negotiations followed, but in 1836, the Potawatomi were forced to sell their land for around $14,000 and move westward. Seeking to improve relations between his government and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, a powerful group of six Iroquois-speaking tribes (the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora Nations), President George Washington sent his postmaster general, Timothy Pickering, to negotiate a treaty at Canandaigua, New York. Called the Trail of Broken Treaties, the demonstration brought caravans of Native American activists from the West Coast to Washington, D.C. to demand redress for years of failed and destructive federal Indian policies. Then it gets weird. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Also, in partnership with The Museum of Indian Arts and Culture (MIAC), these treaties and extensive additional historical and contextual information are available through Treaties Explorer (or DigiTreaties). Though not technically a treaty, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 functioned as a displacement mechanism and was largely responsible for the treaties created over the following decades. Dakota and Ojibwe people were promised everlasting possession of their reservation lands. After the American victory, more and more white settlers moved onto Lenape territory, until the Treaty of Greeneville in 1795 forced them and other Ohio Country Native Americans to surrender most of their lands. The Trail of Broken Treaties: A March on Washington, DC 1972 "The idea of a convergence upon the nation's capital was discussed and accepted as a reasonable effort to sensitize both the Republican and Democratic parties to the profound problems faced by Indian people, and to exact from them firm pledges for enlightened, immediate changes." Not long after, Harrison led an attack on a camp of followers of Tenkswatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, and Tecumseh, who resisted the encroachment of white settlers on the Ohio Valley Nations. In 1811, Harrison led an attack on a Native American camp on the Tippecanoe River, beginning a new U.S.-Native conflict that would last through the War of 1812. Treaty with the Sauk and Foxes and Iowas. 2023, FactsandHistory. Congress has ratified more than 370 treaties with Native nationstreaties that the United States Constitution describes as the "supreme Law of the Land." But it has broken just about every . Every year, those goods from the U.S. government include bolts of cloth to distribute to tribal citizens. But many Piscataway families had persisted in the region, bearing their traditions through the generations. Explains that the trail of broken treaties, led by the aim, was a march upon washington d.c. in which several different native american groups laid out 20 points of demands. Treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi, Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, Treaty with the SiouxBrule, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santeeand Arapaho, Treaty with the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Arapaho, Treaty with the Navajo Indians; Navajo Treaty of 1868; Bosque Redondo Treaty; Treaty of Hweldi, Treaty with the Eastern Band Shoshoni and Bannock, San Pasqual and Pala Valley Mission Indians, United States Code Title 25, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Section 71, Methow, Okanagan, Kootenay, Pend d'Oreille, Colville, North Spokane, San Poeil, Ottawa of Blanchards Fork and Roche de Boeuf, Omaha, Pawnee, Oto, Missouri, and Sac and Fox of the Missouri, Agreement with the Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Sioux Indians, Amended Agreement with Certain Sioux Indians, Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, River Crow, Agreement 23 June 1874 confirmed, Eastern Shawnee lands to Modoc, Missin Indians (Portrero [Rincon, Gapich, LaJolla], Cahuila, Capitan Grande, Santa Ysabel [Mesa Grande], Pala, Agua Caliente, Sycuan, Inaja, Cosmit), Gros Ventre, Piegan, Blood, Blackfoot, and River Crow, Agreement with the Sioux of Various Tribes, Agreement Between the Turtle Mountain Indians and the Commission, Agreement Between the Red Lake Indians and the Commission, Turtle Mountain Chippewa Treaty; 10-cent Treaty; Agreement with the Turtle Mountain Band, amended and ratified, 1815 Commercial treaty with Great Britain Established free trade between the, 1951 Treaty of Security between the United States and Japan (updated 1960), 1954 U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement, 1962 Joint Declaration on Commercial Relations (with the, 1978 - Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United Mexican States and the United States of America, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 16:54. Now, acting in solidarity with other tribes, Indians gained strength in numbers. "The answer is always gold," she says. In 1835, U.S. government met with a group of Cherokee representatives at New Echota, Georgia, to sign a treaty that traded all 7 million acres of Cherokee land for $5 million and land in Indian Territory. [8] The Trail of Broken Treaties was the product of years of grassroots organizing among Native American activists. It essentially gave the US a lease to Guantanamo Bay as a coal and naval base for a nominal fee. They aren't just the Indians' treaties," she says. A fourth caravan later departed from Oklahoma, symbolically retracing the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Broken Treaties, Recognition and Blowback Fighting for Culture and International Indigenous Rights Sources The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a grassroots movement for. Kevin Gover, director of the National Museum of the American Indian, stands inside the "Nation to Nation" exhibit. A rare exhibit of such treaties at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C., looks back at this history. 71). The eight treaties featured in Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations, on loan from the National Archives and Records Administration, are representative of the approximately 374 that were ratified between the United States and Native Nations. Part of a series of articles titled The Struggle for Sovereignty: American Indian Activism in the Nations Capital, 1968-1978. Territories include lands ceded under the Fort Wayne Treaty (labeled C and K on the map), as well as Clarks Grant, Greenville Treaty, Vincennes Treaty, St Louis Treaty, Fort Industry Treaty, Grouseland Treaty, and the Detroit Treaty. [9] Estes, Our History is the Future, 183. While the act was framed as a peaceful and voluntary process, tribes that did not cooperate were made to comply through military force, cheated or tricked out of their land, or subjected to the violence of local white settlers. Viewing American Indian Treaties Treaty Between the U.S. and the Sauk and Fox Indians, November 3, 1804 View in National Archives Catalog The original ratified treaties between the United States and American Indian tribal nations are housed at the National Archives in Washington, DC, as the series, "Indian Treaties, 1722-1869" (National Archives Identifier 299798). Broken Promises In negotiations with Native nations, American officials promised that Indian reservations would always belong to the tribes, and that treaty payments and provisions would be delivered in full and on time. After negotiations with a White House aide failed, the demonstrators unfurled a banner that read NATIVE AMERICAN EMBASSY. The occupation had begun. In acts of civil disobedience across Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, Native people began fishing and hunting to assert their own treaty-protected rights. distribution partner, email us at In exchange for the Confederacys allyship after the Revolutionary War, the U.S. returned over a million acres of Iroquois land that had been previously ceded in the Fort Stanwix Treaty. The reauthorization and funding for the Native American . And if it's not silver, it's copper. And if it's not, go right through the metal chart. Treaty with the Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho; October 17, 1865. Typically, when Indian delegations came to Washington, the BIA assisted them with logistical matters such as locating housing and scheduling meetings with officials. In 2006 American Indian and Alaska Native persons comprised one percent of the state's population. In 1957, two sisters, Joanna, 11, and Jacqueline, 6, Pollock were killed in a tragic car accident. But upon their arrival, they learned that Nixon was out of town. The treaty gave up all Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for $5 million and new territory in Oklahoma. Treaty with the Dwamish, Suquamish, etc., Point Elliott Treaty, Creeks ceded lands to Seminoles, Seminole removal, Treaty with Pawnee, Four Confederated Bands, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Medawakanton and Wahpakoota Bands, Treaty with the Dakota or Sioux, Sisseton and Wahpaton Bands, Treaty with the Sioux, Medawakanton and Sisseeton Bands, Treaty with the Chippewa, Swan Creek and Black Bands, and Monsee Christian Indians. You may also like: Biggest Native American tribes in the U.S. today. Among these was Billy Tayacs father, Turkey Tayac. Treaty Defining Liability for Military Service, etc. Terracotta Army. The overriding objective of the Twenty Points was the recognition of Native American Sovereignty and the restoration and enforcement of Indigenous rights, as guaranteed by treaties. If nothing else, we had sent up one hell of a smoke signal.[16], [1] Alysa Landry, Lyndon B. Johnson: Indians are Forgotten Americans, Indian Country Today, 13 September 2018, accessed 20 March 2022. https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/lyndon-b-johnson-indians-are-forgotten-americans, [2] Landry, Richard M. Nixon, Self-Determination Without Termination, Indian Country Today, 13, September 2018, accessed 20 March 2022. https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/richard-m-nixon-self-determination-without-termination. Mustafa Aydn, ar Erhan and Gkhan Erdem, United States Declaration of Independence, Deed in Trust from Three of the Five Nations of Indians to the Chancellor, Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States France), Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States Sweden), Treaty of Amity and Commerce (PrussiaUnited States), Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine), SiameseAmerican Treaty of Amity and Commerce, HawaiianAmerican Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, California Indian Reservations and Cessions, Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United StatesJapan), Ottoman-American Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Treaty between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines, CubanAmerican Treaty of Relations (1903), Inter-American Convention Establishing the Status of Naturalized Citizens Who Again Take Up Residence in the Country of Their Origin, North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Convention Between the United States and Great Britain, s:United States Cuban Agreements and Treaty of 1934.

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