pulmonary edema and covid vaccine
doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.h2000, Negrini, D., Passi, A., and Moriondo, A. Care Med. Natural compounds can inhibit the binding between the virus and the ACE2 receptor of host cells. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. Am. Circ. 288, 198114. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114, Krlicka, A. L., Kruczkowska, A., Krajewska, M., and Kusztal, M. A. The abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema contribute to the severity of symptoms and fatality of COVID-19 patients. government site. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Crit. -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. Med. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. When SARS-COV-2 invades, vascular endothelial cells are damaged, causing insufficient arterial flow and minimal thrombus. eCollection 2021. Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulated by Aldosterone-Induced Protein Sgk. Clin. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. CDC/FDA announce pause in use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine after identification of 6 cases of CVST with thrombocytopenia. Chem. N.Y. Acad. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02859.x, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): In Silico and Experimental Study. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. However, among all current treatments mentioned above, little attention has been paid to the abnormal humoral metabolism and pulmonary edema, which is a key factor threatening patients lives. Circ. Pflugers Arch. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). Oxygen flows through a face mask or a flexible plastic tube with two openings (nasal cannula) that deliver oxygen to each nostril. J. Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). Biochem. 39 (270), H2000H2007. Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. (2019). J. Pract. (2021). (2021). It has already been shown that the dysregulated release of cytokines is one of the key factors behind poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Epub 2020 Jun 29. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. (2020). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. 4 doi:10.1007/s11596-015-1490-6, Jovanovi, S., Crawford, R. M., Ranki, H. J., and Jovanovi, A. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. doi:10.1530/EJE-20-0338, Clapham, D. E., Runnels, L. W., and Strbing, C. (2001). doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). JAMA 249 (2), 237241. Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Usage Is Associated with Improved Inflammatory Status and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension. Nervous system conditions or surgeries. 346, 16311636. - Eur. Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., et al. 8 (4), 420422. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. Toxin means various pathogenic microorganism and inflammatory storm presenting in infected patients, and dampness means the abnormal humoral metabolism like inflammatory exudation. Clin. J. Investig. Pharmacol. doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. Crit. Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). (2020). Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00244.2017, Looney, M. R., Sartori, C., Chakraborty, S., James, P. F., Lingrel, J. Influenza Virus Infection Alters Ion Channel Function of Airway and Alveolar Cells: Mechanisms and Physiological Sequelae. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Pharmacol. (2020). doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). Int. The -Agonist Lung Injury Trial (Balti). Consequently, drugs that can normalize humoral metabolism should be clinically evaluated for their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients (Table 1). K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. The integrity of PG molecules in the vascular capillary basement membrane can make sure that endothelial permeability to fluid and solutes in a low level. -, Adil M. S., Narayanan S. P., Somanath P. R. (2020). doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. Bradykinin (BK) is an important cellular mediator that causes vasodilatation and leaky blood vessels, leading to vascular leakage and edema (de Maat et al., 2020). *Correspondence: Hongyue Ma, [email protected]; Edyta Marcon, [email protected]; Jing Zhou, [email protected], Abnormal Lung Humoral Metabolism in COVID-19, Conventional Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Putative Drug Targets for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Natural Compounds and Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. 291 (6), L1207L1219. Med. The expression of AQP-5 is regulated by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-, elevated in the plasma of critical COVID-19 patients (Hui and Zumla, 2019). National Library of Medicine Arek Sarkissian. PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8, Ai, J.-W., Zhang, H.-C., Xu, T., Wu, J., Zhu, M., Yu, Y.-Q., et al. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). 34 (4), 610618. Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. CDC/FDA lift pause. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). (Engl) 133 (9), 10511056. JAMA 323 (11), 10611069. Epub 2022 Oct 17. Res. Tumor Necrosis Factor- Inhibits Aquaporin 5 Expression in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. 2, 26372646. 74 (2), 92101. BMJ 369, m1432. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0557-1, de Maat, S., de Mast, Q., Danser, A. H. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., and Maas, C. (2020). J. Pharmacol. Am. Immunol. Biophys. (2020). Drug Discov. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). Nature 590, 635641. 383 (19), 18131826. J. Huazhong Univ. N. Engl. Res. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis Simultaneously Show Immune Activation, Impaired Immune Function and a Procoagulatory Disease State. Cel Metab. doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). Certain vaccine-preventable diseases can also increase swelling of your airways and lungs. See this image and copyright information in PMC. The Serum and Glucocorticoid Kinase Sgk Increases the Abundance of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Xenopus Oocytes. J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. 289 (1), L104L110. 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA Vaccines (Basel). In the meantime, we urgently need potent reduction in fatality of COVID-19. Comment on "Organprotective Effect of Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 and its Effect on the Prognosis of COVID19". Thorax 69 (1), 4654. Epub 2020 Jun 20. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. ACS Nano 14 (4), 38223835. Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use. Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., and Prescott, H. C. (2020). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. J. Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. 35 (19), 30142017. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. doi:10.1073/pnas.160041997, Leroy, C., Priv, A., Bourret, J.-C., Berthiaume, Y., Ferraro, P., and Brochiero, E. (2006). Among all vaccine recipients, 66.6% reported at least one systemic reaction in the 7 days after vaccination. Epub 2020 May 13. The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). Am. It not only can induce de novo synthesis of ENaC and affect ENaC regulatory pathway, but also has an impact on cytokines. (2015). doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Raising evidences suggest that the effect of kinins on bradykinin receptor triggers the inflammatory responses, which have been observed in patients with COVID-19. Shapiro, S. D. (2001). Other anti-viral drugs, such as arbidol, chloroquine phosphate and ritonavir, did not exhibit efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in COVID-19 patients. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Neurobiol. 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983). doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20, Nayler, W., and Dillon, J. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014, Hofer, C. C., Woods, P. S., and Davis, I. C. (2015). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. AQP-5 plays a significant role in pulmonary edema and decreased expression of AQP-5 has been observed during the disease process. Proc. Bookshelf Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. Therefore, AQP-5 may be a promising drug target for treating abnormal humoral metabolism as well as lung injury caused by COVID-19. J. Intern. Recombinant Human ACE2: Acing Out Angiotensin II in ARDS Therapy. A., and Cook, D. I. Symptoms that are common to all of these conditions include cough and shortness of breath. Cel Rep. Med. EM did the language polishing. (2020). Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. J. Respir. This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. Physiol. doi:10.1172/JCI29850, Zhao, J., Tian, S., Lu, D., Yang, J., Zeng, H., Zhang, F., et al. He had no cough, expectoration, nasal discharge or sore throat. 313 (5), L845L858. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. TRPs regulate their functions through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways and play an important role in complicated pulmonary pathophysiologic events, such as increased intracellular calcium levels, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cough reflex, blocked mucus clearance, epithelia integrity disruption, pulmonary edema, fibrosis and so on (De Logu et al., 2016). J. Physiol. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted J. Cel Physiol 235 (12), 95109523. This should ease some symptoms. The frequency and severity of systemic adverse events was higher after dose 2 than dose 1. People with pneumonia, lung cancer, or heart disease may experience chest pain or wheezing. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Biochim. Immunol. There are also several natural compounds which were previously shown to have positive effects on the lung edema-associated targets described in this paper (Zhou et al., 2006; Ho et al., 2007; Ji et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Qu, 2019; Fan et al., 2020; Lung et al., 2020). Currently, these symptoms are the primary consequences of pulmonary virus infection. Res. In COVID-19 patients, pulmonary edema is diagnosed by lung ultrasound and a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Udugama et al., 2020). Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. (2019). The available adenoviral vaccines appear to stimulate autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4), which . Protein Chem. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. 158 (6), 16211628. doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.2007787510.1002/cpt.2047, Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., and Zhou, Q. 318 (4), L723L741. Amiloride. Physiol. A., et al. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). J. Clin. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. Pharmacol. J. Infect. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Other therapeutic options including organ support, glucocorticoid therapy, nutritional support have been applied to COVID-19 clinical treatment without much knowledge of their efficacy. (2020). Proc. Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. 35 (5), 684688. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.002, Chen, S.-y., Bhargava, A., Mastroberardino, L., Meijer, O. C., Wang, J., Buse, P., et al. 46 (2), 208214. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.009, Fan, H.-H., Wang, L.-Q., Liu, W.-L., An, X.-P., Liu, Z.-D., He, X.-Q., et al. 23 (5), 289301. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Physiol. Annu. COVID-19 Infection: the Perspectives on Immune Responses. K+ Channel Openers Restore Verapamil-Inhibited Lung Fluid Resolution and Transepithelial Ion Transport. Pharmacol. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. Open Forum Infect. Emodin Blocks the SARS Coronavirus Spike Protein and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. 11. Consequently, the use of bradykinin antagonists is supposed to be regarded as a strategy for COVID-19 treatment interventions. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. (2020b). In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. One day before symptom onset, he had received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. J. Med. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. These supportive approaches have been shown to be beneficial as adjuvant therapies in COVID-19 patients. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. 2020. Pulmonary vessels and perfusion are frequently abnormal in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and may point to a key role of pulmonary vascular pathology and hypoxemia in COVID-19. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03148-w, Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., et al. Rev. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762, Yang, G., Tan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, M., Peng, L., Liu, J., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Garadacimab in Combination with Standard of Care Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19. 97 (5), 543554. (2011). TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). Res. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. TABLE 3. The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak - an Update on the Status. Infect. Am. (2004). doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). (2013). In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. Acad. Res. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. medRxiv. (2020a). doi:10.1002/jcp.28602, Otulakowski, G., Rafii, B., Bremner, H. R., and O'Brodovich, H. (1999). doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. (2020). doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2020. Lancet Respir. Inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory storm in COVID-19 patients can strongly induce the expression of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2), while hyaluronidase level decreases, resulting in the accumulation of HA and inducing ARDS and pulmonary edema (Shi. (1997). doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. As Towne et al., (2001) reported, AQP-5 expression significantly declined during pulmonary inflammation and edema, and TNF- decreased AQP5 mRNA and protein expression levels via TNFR1 and NF-B pathway (Towne et al., 2001). Influenza Virus Inhibits Amiloride-Sensitive Na+ Channels in Respiratory Epithelia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Am. 8 (8), 807815. TABLE 2. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. Evidences for TRPs as medium of lung injury are emerging from studies on various inhalational chemical threats (Achanta and Jordt, 2020). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. doi:10.3969/j.issn.10065725.2019.19.008, Rasaeifar, B., Gomez-Gutierrez, P., and Perez, J. J. In TCM theory, evils of COVID-19 are derived from cold-dampness, whose core pathogenesis are toxin and dampness. Lancet Respir. (2020b). (2020a). Lab. Na+/K+-ATPase and ion channels (sodium, potassium, AQPs, and TRPs) are all involved in the regulation of AFC. TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. Aquaporins in the Lung. An Orally Active TRPV4 Channel Blocker Prevents and Resolves Pulmonary Edema Induced by Heart Failure. 388 (4), 421436. Some of these TCMs along with their constituent and antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 3. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. medRxiv. HM designed the framework of the review. The structure of coronavirus (Figure 1 A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins.) Pharmacol. Lung Injury in COVID-19 Has Pulmonary Edema as an Important Component and Treatment with Furosemide and Negative Fluid Balance (NEGBAL) Decreases Mortality. 21, 97S107S. Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. A recent review suggested that low-to-moderate doses of dexamethasone may lower the mortality rate in patients with severe infections (Ahmed and Hassan, 2020) and the latest finding indicated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio determines the clinical efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients, as a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.11 associating with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids (Cai et al., 2021). doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.2.L414, Mutlu, G. M., Dumasius, V., Burhop, J., McShane, P. J., Meng, F. J., Welch, L., et al. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. Front. 156, 104761. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761, Sartori, C., Allemann, Y., Duplain, H., Lepori, M., Egli, M., Lipp, E., et al. Atractylenolide I Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells. JAMA 324 (5), 460470. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. By March 31st of 2021, a total of 128.54 million cases of severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) have been diagnosed globally, and a total of 2.81 million people have died from the disease (WHO, 2021).
