revolutions podcast map of haiti
Thanks, and keep up the good work! Soon after, the few remaining French-held towns in Saint-Domingue surrendered to the Royal Navy to prevent massacres by the Haitian army. I also love the map. LS 77 Global Rank TOP 0.01% ABOUT THIS PODCAST A weekly podcasting exploring great political revolutions. [65] However, everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people. One of the state's first significant documents was Dessaliness' "Liberty or Death" speech, which circulated broadly in the foreign press. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book . Todd Halwas | Cities and commercial centers were moved to the interior of the country, while less important ones were kept to the coast, so they could be burnt down completely to discourage the French; many commentators believe that this over militarization contributed to many of Haiti's future problems. They still practiced traditions and religions that they brought with them from Africa, and that influenced the revolution as well. [79] The overall forces in St Domingue was at that time under the command of the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, Sir Adam Williamson. Share. [101] Once that was completed, slavery would be ultimately restored. [38], Saint-Domingue's free people of color, most notably Julien Raimond, had been actively appealing to France for full civil equality with whites since the 1780s. [164] The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution, which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion in history. Two centuries ago, Haitians revolted against their French masters and declared independence. In 2018 Duncan relocated to Paris, France in order to do research for his 2021 book Hero Of Two Worlds, a biography on the Marquis de Lafayette. [117] Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803, Napoleon accepted defeat in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere. [115], By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed[135] practically eradicating the country's white population. In the early years, the population was primarily comprised of a few white planters, engagsthese were indentured servants who would work for seven years and then earn their freedomand a small community of slaves. [27][28][pageneeded] Louverture wrote a constitution for a new society in Saint-Domingue that abolished slavery. [29][pageneeded], Like Louverture, Jean-Baptiste Belley was an active participant in the insurrection. And all of these groups were against the slaves. Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 17911797 died of disease. The parallels with modern times, and particularly contemporary America, leap off the page". The exiles causing the most alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners. And the length of Rue Francois Miron to the intersection with Rue de Jouywhich is what the Third Column fought down.]. On 1 January 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1805 constitution, declared Haiti a free republic in the name of the Haitian people,[121] which was followed by the massacre of the remaining whites. The podcast covered modern political revolutions, beginning with the English Revolution. Meanwhile, Dessalines led the rebellion until its completion, when the French forces were finally defeated by the end of 1803. Best Haitian Podcasts (2023) - player.fm [71], In May 1794, Toussaint suddenly joined the French and turned against the Spanish, ambushing his allies as they emerged from attending mass in a church at San Raphael on 6 May 1794. The French had built a deep defensive ditch with palisades and Forbes had neglected to bring along heavy artillery. During February and March, Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out. Unlike his previous podcast, Revolutions is not the history of one society or polity but rather a thematic series focusing on particular revolutions in the history of the modern world. Production of sugar depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Africans. The series covered the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia, the July Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune, the Mexican Revolution, and finally the Russian Revolution, ending its run of narrative episodes in July 2022. [103] When Toussaint still failed to appear at Le Cap, Leclerc issued a proclamation on 17 February 1802: "General Toussaint and General Christophe are outlawed; all citizens are ordered to hunt them down, and treat them as rebels against the French Republic". These valedictory moments assess, with poignant but unsparing clarity, both the rulers who ultimately couldn't save the old order and the revolutionary firebrands . Anti-abolitionist critics of the revolution dubbed it "the horrors of Santo Domingo". [25] In an interview with the Washington Post Worldview, Duncan claimed his aim for the book was to "pull back two generations [from the time of Caesar] and ask, 'What was it that opened the cracks in the foundation of the Republic? The gens de couleur are interesting: they were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. [74] Whyte took Port-au-Prince, but Sonthonax and the French forces were allowed to leave in exchange for not burning the sugar-loaded ships. [126] Those that possessed skills outside of plantation work, like craftsmanship and artisans, were exempt from this ordinance. [16] As slaves had no legal rights, rape by planters, their unmarried sons, or overseers was a common occurrence on the plantations. In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola. Though the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90million francs in 1838, Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947. [16] The slaves developed their own religion, a syncretic mixture of Catholicism and West African religions known as Vodou, usually called "voodoo" in English. ", "Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution by Mike Duncan", "Mike Duncan Takes on the Turmoil of History", "Revolutions: Hero of Two Worlds Pilot Script", "AMA with the host of The History of Byzantium podcast", "How Rian Johnson Kept His 'Star Wars' Script From Leaking Online", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Duncan_(podcaster)&oldid=1147930195, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 03:01. "[96] Yellow fever caused the most deaths. Browse the 18th Century era within the In Our Time archive. Haiti's troubles go back more than a century. [113], Dessalines and Ption remained allied with France until they switched sides again, in October 1802, and fought against the French. A ragtag force of slaves managed to unify Haiti, defeat Europes most powerful army and become the first country in Latin America to gain independence, second only to the United States in the Americas as a whole. [110][111][112] The Blockade of Saint-Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France, but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians. By 1804 the former slaves had won, establishing the first independent state in Latin America and the first nation to be created as a result of a successful slave rebellion. Accessed 26 March 2015. (Real Audiencia of Panama, New Spain, suppressed), (British Province of New York, suppressed), (British Chesapeake Colonies, suppressed), (British Province of South Carolina, suppressed), (off the Southern U.S. coast, victorious), Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in the 1780 edition of his history of European colonization. In 1758, the planters began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined. Help us out by filling out this survey Travel to Japan With Me here . Listen to Revolutions on Spotify. [86] On 31 August, Maitland and Toussaint signed an agreement whereby in exchange for the British pulling out of all of Saint-Domingue, Toussaint promised to not support any slave revolts in Jamaica. June 3, 2022 Hosted by Michael Barbaro Produced by Mooj Zadie , Rob. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States," William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87124. [107], In 1802, Napoleon added a Polish legion of around 5,200 to the forces sent to Saint-Domingue to fight off the slave rebellion. "The Force of Example". Polish soldiers participated in the Haitian revolution of 1804, contributing to the establishment of the world's first free black republic and the first independent Caribbean state. Georges Danton, one of the Frenchmen present at the meeting of the National Convention, expressed this sentiment: Representatives of the French people, until now our decrees of liberty have been selfish, and only for ourselves. The slaves sought revenge on their masters through "pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death". David P. Geggus. [64] On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Land could not be privately owned; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux (national bonds), and no French whites could own land. 06 December 2015 at 09:56 PM. It covers the English revolution, the American revolution, the French revolution, the Haitian revolution, the Spanish-American Wars of Independence, The July Revolution (1830 France),the Revolution of 1848, The Paris Commune, the Mexican revolution, and Russian Revolution (both 1905 and 1917). Isabella. It was the only successful slave revolt in modern times. For purposes of simplicity, were going to refer to the colony as Haiti here. [107], The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the Battle of Vertires on 18 November 1803, leading the first-ever group of slaves to successfully create an independent state through a slave revolt. The period of violence during the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror. The role of Bois Caiman, Boukman, and Vodou generally, would become the subject of a controversial, discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution. [12] Each season was dedicated to one revolution or revolutionary wave and discussed the revolution through a chronological narrative approach, as in his podcast The History of Rome, but the shorter time periods and longer episode length for each season allowed greater detail for individual events. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. [149] The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics, and though inspiring to the enslaved themselves[150] the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period. [82] As more ships arrived with British troops, more soldiers died of yellow fever. There was a growing population of affranchis, which were freed blacks or freed slaves, and then what were called gens de couleur, or people of color. Dcolonisations - Hati Mar 26, 2023. Girodet's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject's sexuality and including an earring. He said he did not seek independence from France, and urged the surviving whites, including the former slave masters, to stay and work with him in rebuilding Saint-Domingue. The 1804 massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of French colonists[128] and loyalists,[129] both enemies and traitors of the revolution,[130] by the black population of Haiti on the order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared the French as barbarians, demanding their expulsion and vengeance for their crimes. 'The Greatest Heist In History': How Haiti Was Forced To Pay - NPR [104], In a letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Toussaint outlined his plans for defeating the French: "Do not forget, while waiting for the rainy reason which will rid us of our foes, that we have no other resource than destruction and fire. Within two months of arriving in Saint-Domingue, the British lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever. On January 1, 1804, Haiti declared its independence, and in the proclamation, they used the expression Live free or die, which they had taken from the American revolution. In this kind of situation, the last priority for food distribution is the slaves, and as a result, there was a large population of slaves that was not well-fed and mistreated. Studies in the History of Political Thought, "Freedom at All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion", "Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. [53], By 1792, slave rebels controlled a third of Saint-Domingue. John S. Marr, and John T. Cathey. Leading 18th-century French writer Count Mirabeau had once said the Saint-Domingue whites "slept at the foot of Vesuvius",[42] suggesting the grave threat they faced should the majority of slaves launch a sustained major uprising. Revolutions Podcast Update: The End is Nigh? 03 April 2017 at 06:45 AM. The comedy podcast that takes history seriously is back with a new series. On one occasion, President Alexandre Petion protected Jamaican slaves from re-enslavement after they escaped their plantation and landed in the southern city of Jrmie. Great job with the overview in the first episode. Enjoy! Love this! Dessalines paid large sums of money to liberate slaves on slave ships near the Haitian coast. [67], Sonthonax sent three of his deputies, namely the colonist Louis Duffay, the free black army officer Jean-Baptiste Belley and a free man of color, Jean-Baptiste Mills, to seek the National Convention's endorsement for the emancipation of slaves near the end of January 1794. "The 1802 Saint-Domingue yellow fever epidemic and the Louisiana Purchase". [105] Dessalines appeared before his men standing atop of a barrel of gunpowder, holding a lit torch, saying: "We are going to be attacked, and if the French put their feet in here, I shall blow everything up", leading his men to reply "We shall die for liberty!". Yellow fever had decimated the French; by the middle of July 1802, the French lost about 10,000 dead to yellow fever. Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804. [36] The lower-class whites, petits blancs (literally "small whites"), included artisans, shopkeepers, slave dealers, overseers, and day laborers. "So much was done in Haiti because of him. In addition, he exhibited a connection to Enlightenment scholars through the style, language, and accent[further explanation needed] What is the "accent" of a text? Partly a consequence of the French Revolution and partly a backlash against the brutality of slave owners, it turned into a complex struggle involving not just the residents of the island but French, English and Spanish forces. In it, the new head of state made the case for the new nation's objective: the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti. [75] By May 1794, the French forces were severed in two by Toussaint, with Sonthonax commanding in the north and Andr Rigaud leading in the south. Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806, several changes began taking place in Haiti. Except they say the Zapatistas "surrendered" in the end when, at least according to the podcast, they got 90% of their economic demands satisfied, plus official military positions - not jails or ropes. This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs. While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United Statessafe from the violence raging in both France and Haititheir presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among Britain, France, and the U.S. Its also highly profitable, so more and more plantations were established, and more and more slaves were imported. Revolutions Per Minute - Radio from the New York City Democratic Socialists of America. Within the next two months, as the violence escalated, the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations. Peguero, Valentina. As you mentioned at the beginning of the episode, the Haitian revolution is considered the only successful slave revolt in modern times, so we know that the slaves were able to gain the upper hand. 38 min playlist_add Dec 11, 2022 Appendix 11- Meet the New Boss Not necessarily the same as the old boss. Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791, white refugees from Saint-Domingue fled to the United States, particularly to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Charleston. He decided to sell Louisiana to the U.S. Many of them joined Toussaint's army. [citation needed] Finally after twenty days of siege with food and ammunition running out, Dessalines ordered his men to abandon the fort on the night of 24 March 1802 and the Haitians slipped out of the fort to fight another day. Though the United States was hostile towards Toussaint, the U.S. Navy agreed to support Toussaint's forces with the frigate USS General Greene, commanded by Captain Christopher Perry, providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel, held by mulatto forces under the command of Rigaud. [24] It entered the New York Times best seller list Hardcover Non-Fiction on the eighth place during its first week. We did not go to fetch half a million savage slaves from off the coast of Africa to bring them to the colony as French citizens. You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post. A Senator or the Haitian People? [48][49][50][51], The planters had long feared such a revolt, and were well armed with some defensive preparations. In the colony, there were various groups vying for power and influence. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. [107] Under the terms of surrender, Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in Saint-Domingue, that blacks could be officers in the French Army, and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army. [104] The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves, as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites, and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains. Its very timely."[40]. [37] Le Cap Franais (Le Cap), a northern port, had a large population of free people of color, including freed slaves. Also, on the French side, none of the colonies were making as much money as Haiti, so they were trying to maintain control even while there was a lot of turmoil in France.
