when did communion on the tongue begin

For this is what it is to receive unworthily: if one receives at that time when he ought to be doing penance. Alphonse Mingana (Gorgias Press: Piscataway, NJ, 2009 [1933]). In the final days of the Directory, Abb Sieys and Talleyrand planned the coup with the aid of . Pope Paul VI, in Memoriale Domini, he says, This method (on the tongue) must be retained., Pope John Paul II, in Dominicae Cenae, he says, To touch the sacred species and to distribute them with their own hands is a privilege of the ordained.. 7 Now on the FIRST DAY OF THE WEEK, WHEN THE DISCIPLES CAM TOGETHER TO BREAK BREAD, Paul, ready to depart the next day, spoke to them and continued his message until midnight (Acts 20: 1-7; NKJV).. You will not attain unto true faith by diligently studying the teaching of mere men. Assisted suicide in the United States: Where is it legal? To you be the glory forever. St. It may well be the case that the sudden change in practice after Vatican II decreased devotion towards the Eucharist and belief in the true presence, and it may well be the case that there were bad actors who in fact desired this result. Why Do Catholics Take Communion Every Week? For this reason, some Catholics choose to receive the Eucharist not in their hands, but directly on their tongues. 15:37) after Jesus had fed the four thousand. October 13, 2022. Though known through those authors, the Didache in manuscript form had been lost for over 1,400 years until it was re-discovered in 1873 by a Greek Orthodox Metropolitan, Philotheos Bryennios, in the Jerusalem Monastery of the Most Holy Sepulcher in Istanbul. On the other hand, this mode of communion is not anywhere associated with lay involvement or accessibility, nor is it thought to de-emphasize the role of the priest. Church authority apparently judged that it invited abuse and deemed it contrary to the custom of the Apostles. 34 But if anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, lest you come together for judgment. (Consider. The Council of Saragossa, 380, excommunicated anyone who dared continue to receive Holy Communion in the hand. Catholics who receive in the hand should ensure, above all, that their hands are clean as they prepare to literally touch the presence of Christ. Is that this a paid subject matter or did you customize it your self? "Ore" is here in the ablative and in the context it Therefore, we must be sure that we are in fact following Christ rather than mere men who may not be following Him. LONDON, June 7, 2021 ( LifeSiteNews) The new COVID-19 guidelines released by the bishops of England and Wales permit Catholics to start receiving Holy Communion on the tongue again. A celebrated saying of Saint Augustine, cited by Pope Benedict XVI in n. 66 of his Encyclical Sacramentum Caritatis, ("Sacrament of Love"), teaches: No one eats that flesh without first adoring it; we should sin were we not to adore it (Enarrationes in Psalmos 98, 9). Required fields are marked *. We situate the tabernacle in a place of honor in the Church, usually in the center of the sanctuary, and we genuflect before it. 21 FOR IN EATING, EACH ONE TAKES HIS OWN SUPPER AHEAD OF OTHERS; and one is hungry and another is drunk. offaith. This John was of suspect orthodoxy, as we know from the correspondence of St. Epiphanius, St. Jerome, and St. Augustine. What shall I say to you? Interestingly, during the Middle Ages, the reception of Holy Communion was restricted to "on the tongue" because of abuses. Well of course the apostles did not receive Holy Communion on the tongue. Receiving the host in one's hand has been an option in the United States since the bishops authorized this in May 1977 and the Holy See confirmed it. But we doyes, verily. Gospel as referring to the Eucharist (as all the Church Fathers did). 4. In fact, other than the celebrant of the Mass itself, no one else receiving Communion, not even a priest, could receive It in the hand. So, we as Catholics choose to listen to the apostles in both their written an oral teachings. 3, Rep. Obj. All three elements are on the table. Obviously someone is needed to distribute the Bread of Life. [3] Augustine, Answer to Petilian 2.23.53and Against Parmenian 2.7.13. Rather, facts seem to point to a different conclusion: Pope St. Leo the Great (440-461) is an early witness of the traditional practice. The catacombs in Rome contain many frescos telling us what those Christians living between c.100c.350 AD believed, how they lived out that faith and what things were most important to their faith. I am not arguing against the use of EMHCs today. This shows us that the disciples came together as one body to observe the Lords Supper, or Communion, on Sunday rather than on every day. To be sure, the Church permits Catholics to receive the Eucharist either on the tongue or in their hands, at the discretion of the one receiving holy Communion. But to us our Lord has given both . Who knows where the things the men you follow got their doctrine? The Didache begins: The teaching of the Lord through the twelve Apostles to the Gentiles ( meaning nations).. When we hold a baby or hug a loved one, we do so gently and with care. Notice that when the Apostle says that he does not praise them because they are not taking the Lords Supper when they come together as the church, he is not condemning them for neglecting to observe the Lords Supper. For also the Lord has said about this, Do not give what is holy to the dogs.. in Eph 3, trans. Shall I praise you in this? His arms are stretched out in front of him to show he is breaking the bread as Jesus broke the bread at the Last Supper and before He fed the five thousand and the four thousand. That is good. Therefore, for various reasons, among which the Angelic Doctor cites respect for the Sacrament, he writes: . at the time of St. And it continued to be so during that golden age ofthe Fathers and of the liturgy after the peace of Constantine in 313 A.D. And it continued to be the common practice until at least the tenth century. I know that they are from God. Infact, in the letter, En Reponse a la Demande, which was written to the presidents of the conferences of bishops who had petitioned for the indult to distribute Holy Communion in the hand in 1969, the first stipulation of the indult says, The new manner of giving communion must not be imposed in a way that would exclude the traditional practice. Yet, in parishes around the world, priests have attempted to deny the faithful Communion on the tongue. 18 For first of all, WHEN YOU COME TOGETHER AS A CHURCH, I hear that THERE ARE DIVISIONS AMONG YOU, and in part I believe it. Some Considerations on Holy Communion in the Hand someones mouth. 6, trans. Communion on the Tongue is allowed universally while Communion in the Hand is allowed only by indult in the New Mass. . The writings of the New Testament and the ORAL TEACHINGS OF THE APOSTLES, as mentioned by St. Paul should be listened to. Timothy O'Malley, Copyright 2023 At almost every Novus Ordo Mass I went to, I saw at least one person drop the host on the floor. We are urged to do so by an uninterrupted tradition, which from the first centuries on has found the Christian community ever vigilant in guarding this treasure. Inspired by love, the Church is anxious to hand on to future generations of Christians, without loss, her faith and teaching with regard to the mystery of the Eucharist. They were ordained priests - bishops, actually. But it is moot whether they ate the fish with the sacrament or included the fish as symbol of the totality of the bread and wine, Christs Body, Ichthus. Phillip Schaff and Henry Wace in NPNF Second Series, 14 (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1900). Hundreds of faithful gather in prayer for Pope Francis at Budapests oldest parish church, Pope Francis says he did not lose consciousness before hospitalization in March, Pope Francis warns of technological domination, threat to human ecology at university in Hungary, The Good Shepherd calls us to open our hearts to love, Pope Francis says at Mass in Hungary, TEXT: Dont be couch potatoes! Pope Francis urges youth. Most often when speaking of reverence, however, the Fathers emphasize two main things: 1) that every precaution should be taken lest the Eucharist fall to the ground and 2) that communicants should be from serious sin and quarrels with other Christians. . [18] See Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 6.43.18. For yours is the power and the glory forever. Communion in the hand is legitimate only where permitted, and it remains in the realm of a permission. [16] Liturgical evidence from Rome is always sparser than one would like, but Eusebius preserves a mention of communion in the hand in a letter written from Dionysius of Alexandria to Sixtus I, bishop of Rome,[17] and in a letter of Cornelius, bishop of Rome. There were only 8 people in Noahs Ark. The source added that even good priests began knuckling under to Olson and started placing Holy Communion onto the hands of Catholics: . Some Catholics feel more comfortable receiving the Eucharist in their hands. (3) In his article on Communion in the Dictionaire dArcheologiae Chretienne, Leclerq declares that the peace of Constantine in 313 A.D. served toward bringing the practice of Communion in the hand to an end. Jason is married and has three children. But it is not needful to make each The Fractio Panis fresco illuminates more clearly how the early catacomb Christians celebrated the Lords Supper. Nevertheless, the Scriptures are definitely full of the things one needs to prove the doctrines of the faith and to protect us from believing the lie. This is one reason why He did not write the Bible the way you demand. 28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of the bread (Testifying that this is in fact BREAD) and drink of the cup. According to some critics version of history, popular in certain quarters, Communion on the tongue became the universal norm in this way: During the Middle Ages certain distortions in the faith and/or in approaches Then after you have with care sanctified your eyes by the touch of the holy Body, partakegiving heed lest you lose any particle of it (the bread). the Congregation for Divine Worship reaffirmed that "each of the faithful always has the right to receive Holy Communion on the tongue." When a certain plague arrived . St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, In Summa Theologica, Part III, Q. 6 But without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder OF THOSE WHO DILIGENTLY SEEK HIM (Hebrews 11: 6, NKJV).. One such practice is the reception of Holy Communion on the tongue. T/F, 2. [21] Theodore of Mopsuestia, catech. How should this evidence be brought to bear on the modern conversation? Despite the "ancient usage," however, and even within the boundaries of the current discipline, the Church has made clear that Communion on the tongue is the preferred practice. This is why I try to support what I say with the Scriptures. 29 For he who eats and drinks in an unworthy manner[e] eats and drinks judgment to himself, not discerning the Lords[f] body (Again referring to the manner in which they observe selfishly and unlovingly against the church that is the body of Christ. 2 . Especially not a single priest in order to minimize the handling of the Host as you so earnestly contend is an Apostolic Tradition. "Each of the faithful always has the right to receive Holy Communion on the tongue at his . To you be the glory forever. Roland Teske (Hyde Park, NY: New City Press, 2001). to it gradually developed. Statements from Popes, Saints Bryennios published the Didache in 1883. While I have not been to a Novus Ordo Mass in several years, one thing I vividly remember is the way in which many people would receive Our Lord in the Eucharist. It is clear that this mode of reception was considered reverent and was to be carried out in a reverent manner. He rolled his eyes, sighed, and gave me Holy Communion on the tongue while I was kneeling. cit., p. 191, n.25. misleading, he and we would be grateful if you would write us about it. Receiving communion in the hand was the common practice of the Church in both East and West for the first 800 years of Christianity, and it was certainly considered reverent by the Fathers. As we prepare to receive the new English translation of the Roman Missal on the first Sunday of Advent, let us take this opportunity to reflect on the manner in which we receive our Lord in holy Communion. We call these sacred vessels. Made of precious metal, they are set aside for sacred use only. The fire of mercy has become for us a living sacrifice But such as, instead of their hands, make vessels of gold or other materials for the reception of the divine gift, and by these receive the immaculate communion, we by no means allow to come, as preferring inanimate and inferior matter to the image of God.[24]. Cost of a Bible Before the Printing Press. An even greater danger and sacrilege is the possibility of someone stealing a host for trivial or even evil purposes. And we have this text of St. Johns Gospel (13:26-30): Jesus answered, It is he to whom I shall give this Morsel when I have dipped It. So when He had dipped the Morsel, He gave It to Judas So, after receiving the Morsel, he [Judas] immediately went out, Did Our Lord place this wet Morsel into Judas hand? The things we handle carefully are usually the things we hold in high esteem. From this perspective, the then-Cardinal Ratzinger assured that: "Communion only reaches its true depth when it is supported and surrounded by adoration" [The Spirit of the Liturgy (Ignatius Press, 2000), p. 90]. Statements from Popes, Saints and Church Councils: St. Sixtus 1 (circa 115): "The Sacred Vessels are not to be handled by others than those consecrated to the Lord." St. Both modes of receiving holy Communion have their own value and their own beauty. Because He wants those who diligently seek Him and Love His Truth, he sends a strong delusion into the world that they who do not diligently seek Him may believe the lie, because they do not receive a love of the Truth. But even priests were not allowed to touch the Blessed Sacrament except out of some need to do so. However, if what even that Apostle says to you in person and face-to-face contradicts what he or another Apostle has already told you face-to-face and in person or by their epistle, let even the Apostle, or even an Angel of God be accursed (Galatians 1: 6-9)! And gather it from the four winds into your kingdom, which you prepared for it. 2. If one is right handed the left hand should rest upon the right. ORIGINAL, LARGER, HOME-------------E-MAIL--------------TRADITION, www.catholictradition.org/Eucharist/apostolic-tradition.htm. Children should be instructed on the necessity of being in the state of grace and of having a good intention, also of fasting from midnight before Communion. Watchthe video below. The same would be true of a Bishop or even a Pope. Basil the Great, Doctor of the Church (330-379): "The right to receive Holy Communion in the hand is permitted only in times . When looking at fine jewelry, for example, we are mindful to handle the gems carefully. precise sources which show anything Father says to be inaccurate or A Kiss Should Mean Something: The Proliferation of Contraception and Its Societal Effects, Pontifical Academy for Life Seeks Change in Church Teaching Regarding Contraception, The Significance of the Feast of Christ the King, Amoris Laetitia: Circumventing Church Teaching on the Indissolubility of Marriage, Church Doctrine Concerning Marriage and Communion Cannot Be Changed By The Synod of Bishops. Paul said, 1 Imitate me, just as I also imitate Christ (1Corinthians 11:1; NKJV). If Paul is imitating Christ, then we should imitate Paul; but, if Paul is not imitating Christ, then neither should we imitate Paul. In particular, because of excessive emphasis on adoring Christ in the Holy Eucharist and an over-strict approach to moral matters, Holy Communion Receiving the sacred host on our tongue ensures that we do not treat Christs presence as an ordinary piece of bread. St. Sixtus I, around 115 stated, The Sacred Vessels are not to be handled by others than those consecrated to the Lord. That would mean that only ordained priests and bishops should handle the Sacred Vessels or their contents. . The motivation for this practice is two-fold: a) first, to avoid, as much as possible, the dropping of Eucharistic particles; b) second, to increase among the faithful devotion to the Real Presence of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist. We would also do well to teach, as the Fathers do, that reverence is not only about proper reception of the Eucharist, but also about living the kind of life to which the Eucharist commits us. Another will say the opposite; he says, On the contrary, if the wound of sin and the attack of the disease is in fact so great that such medicines need to be postponed, one ought to be removed from the altar by the authority of the bishop in order to do penance, and one ought to be reconciled by the same authority. 4 And Sopater of Berea accompanied him to Asiaalso Aristarchus and Secundus of the Thessalonians, and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of Asia. The Ipuwer PapyrusWere The 10 Biblical Plagues Real? I believe I did say that to you a couple of times over these past months. The original article can be found here>HISTORY OF COMMUNION. Reception of holy Communion on the tongue has been a tradition of the Church for more than 15 centuries. On and around the Twelfth, large parades are held . Bishop James D. Conley is apostolic administrator of the Denver Archdiocese. The practice of the priest placing the consecrated Bread directly into the mouth of the communicant thus developed and, they think, was unwisely imposed. Christian missionaries have taught people in Papua, New Guinea who had many gods before their conversion to recite the Hebrew Shema announcing only ONE GOD. at the left end of the table has a small loaf in his hands. The option to receive Holy Communion on the tongue is still permitted. A.M.S. The actual text of the Quam Singulari Decree can be found here. Fr. Bryennios published the Didache in 1883. Though known through those authors, the Didache in manuscript form had been lost for over 1,400 years until it was re-discovered in 1873 by a Greek Orthodox Metropolitan, Philotheos Bryennios, in the Jerusalem Monastery of the Most Holy Sepulcher in Istanbul. Communion on the tongue remains the usual and common form of administering Holy Communion. and Church Councils: Pope St. Leo the Great is less well We dont just listen to any men or the teachings or traditions of some man but to the very teachings of the APOSTLES who taught what Jesus had taught them. In recent years I have observed that a growing number of young Catholics, particularly seminarians, choose now to receive holy Communion on the tongue. 1. I question if those people believe that Jesus is truly present in the Eucharist. So why should anyone listen to you? The meaning in Hebrew of the word day always means a 24 hour period of time. [22] Ephrem the Syrian, Hymns on Faith 10, trans. . It became so normalized that priests would sometimes refuse to give Communion to those who wanted to receive on the tongue. At the time of Cyril of Jerusalem, a 12-year-old boy in Rome, Tarcisius, was charged with carrying the consecrated bread down the street to some shut-ins. Luke 10:16 The one who listens to you listens to Me, and the one who rejects you rejects Me; and he who rejects Me rejects the One who sent Me. . Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. For one who eats unworthily eats and drinks to his own condemnation (1 Cor 11:29). The fateful meeting for the United States took place from May 3-5, 1977, in Chicago. 31 For if we would judge ourselves, we would not be judged. Communion on the tongue certainly dates back to the earliest centuries of Church history, and possibly back to the time of the Apostles. For it is a deed fraught with destruction to take the tongue which serve such awesome mysteries, which has become purpled with a blood so precious, which has become a sword of gold and to change its course to abuse, insolence and ribald jests. And, faith comes by hearing and hearing by the Word of God (Romans 10:17). [23], The great and divine Apostle Paul with loud voice calls man created in the image of God, the body and temple of Christ. Bishop Stika lifted the restriction on reception of Communion on the tongue in late November. [24] Trans. man, woman and child into his own eucharistic minister and multiply the handling and fumbling and danger of dropping and loss of Fragments. Several centuries later the 4th century Gentile theologian Cyril of Jerusalem left a more detailed and ritualistic instruction for Communion ((Latin communionem meaning fellowship/sharing). who succeeded Cyril in Jerusalem. All the names for our week days come from Roman and Norse/Anglo-Saxon gods. Because those vessels are made so for our sakes. 23 For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you: that the Lord Jesus on the same night in which He was betrayed took bread; 24 and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, Take, eat;[b] this is My body which is broken[c] for you; do this in remembrance of Me. 25 In the same manner He also took the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in My blood. But under what conditions did this happen? St. DOWNLOAD THE BANNER IMAGE, : 1 . DOWNLOAD THE BANNER IMAGE, Basil the Great (330-379) indicates that reception of Communion by ones own hand was permitted precisely because of persecution, or, as was the case with monks in the desert, when no deacon or priest was available to give It. Remember your church, O Lord; save it from all evil, and perfect it in your love. JD; 1 Corinthians 11: 27-29; NKJV). This is about loving the church in truth, and about the fact that if we do not love the church that is the body of Christ, then we do not truly love Christ. The attempt to turn back the clock to antiquity an antiquity, moreover,. I will be the first one to tell you that you should not. And so, in the traditional liturgical practice of the Roman Rite, if a priest were "After David had taken counsel with his commanders of thousands and of hundreds, that is to say, with every one of his leaders, he said to the whole assembly of Israel: 'If it seems good to . [20] Cyril of Jerusalem, myst. T/F, 4. The True Mind of the Church according to the True History of the New Rite" - was published in Rome in 1990. (In fact, in certain critics minds the elevation, exposition and benediction of the Blessed Sacrament find their It is a compelling story. [18] Moreover, an early illuminated gospel, the Rosanno Gospels, depicts the last supper as a communion line, where the disciples receive in cupped hands while bowed. According to their iconography, the catacomb Christians gave the Eucharist a much broader context by including fish in the ritual. But make your left hand as if a throne for the right, and hollowing your palm receive the body of Christ saying after it, Amen. In the West, Communion on the tongue, kneeling, is the natural and suitable result of St. Cyril's Eucharistic piety. Consider that you not only receive this gift in your hand, but that you also bring it up to your mouth, and keep your tongue clean of all disgraceful and outrageous words, blasphemy, perjury and all other sins of this sort. denotes instrumentation. In his comments on the sixth chapter of St. Johns Gospel he speaks of Communion in the mouth as the current usage: One receives in the mouth what one believes by faith.. Why? 33 Therefore, my brethren, WHEN YOU COME TOGETHER TO EAT, WAIT FOR ONE ANOTHER. Phillip Schaff (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1889). Your email address will not be published. [Cf: Redemptionis Sacramentum 92. Today, both manners of receiving Communion are worthy and licit. National Convention, French Convention Nationale, assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. To you be the glory forever. Therefore, your failure to trust the Scriptures and your desire to look to the teachings of mere men on this and other topics, as if their writings were Scripture, has allowed you to be led astray. Distribution of Holy Communion on the tongue leads to less instances of the host being dropped. And if so, why not with Holy Communion, giving Himself by His own Hand? We can understand that they did not receive their paycheck every day, but only on Friday. Plus, as was shown above, many popes, saints, and Councils have spoken about how and why distribution of Holy Communion should be left to the priest, and should only be done on the tongue. "With the tongue, I very rarely have any contact as described above. Communion on the tongue is recommended and considered the most consonant way to receive the Eucharist, while Communion on the hand is permitted, provided that certain precautions are observed, such as checking to see if any fragments of the Host remain on the palm of the hand. All Scripture is breathed by God and profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God might be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto every good work (1 Timothy 3: 16-17).. Two millennia later Christian Communion is exclusively celebrated (Latin celebrare meaning to assemble to honor) as reflecting the Last Supper when Jesus pronounced the Bread His Body and the Wine His Blood. A Journal of the McGrath Institute for Church Life, by Elizabeth Klein From the time of the Fathers of the Church, a tendency was born and consolidated whereby distribution of Holy Communion in the hand became more and more restricted in favor of distributing Holy Communion on the tongue. [5] John Climacus, Ladder of Divine Ascent 28. In the thousands of Traditional Latin Masses I have been to, I have never once seen a host dropped on the floor. (1) A more rigorous study of available evidence from Church history and from writings of the Fathers does not support the assertion that Communion in the hand was a universal practice which was gradually supplanted and eventually replaced by the practice of Communion on the tongue. Pope Pius X - 1903-1914 Pope Pius X would come to be known as the "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament" by many. origins during the unfortunate Middle Ages, a period whose liturgical practices we would do well so they think to rid ourselves of.) That would be rather messy. Your fire, O, Our Lord we have eaten in your offering And to demonstrate reverence and respect, the Church asks us to offer a slight bow of the head immediately before receiving holy Communion. An argument for the above is held to be found in a text of St. Cyril of Jerusalems fifth Mystagogic Catechesis (21f), which he preached to neophytes in 348 A.D., in which he counsels the faithful to place your left Is it a sacrilege to take communion in hand? The [Seraph] did not hold it, and [Isaiah] did not eat it It is not a thing we can take or claim it is a person we receive. A cup of wine is present as are two fish. One time, I was visiting a parish in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, and upon kneeling to receive Holy Communion on the tongue, the priest looked at me and said, We dont do that here. I stayed on my knees with my mouth open. Additionally, if the Apostle did not tell you this doctrine in person and face-to -face as he did to the ones he was speaking to in the context of the Scripture you refer to (2Thessalonians 2: 13-15), then as far as you know, you are simply trusting the words of a man. He received on the tongue according to the law and practice of the Catholic Church. 2 Now when he had gone over that region and encouraged them with many words, he came to Greece 3 and stayed three months. First, Chrysostom in one of his Homilies on Ephesians: What, do you not see the holy vessels so thoroughly cleansed all over, so resplendent? After 1969, when Pope Paul VI granted permission for the first countries to begin distributing Communion in the hand, the indult spread throughout the world like wildfire. As this fragment of bread was scattered upon the mountains and was gathered to become one, so may your church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into your kingdom. June 29, 2021 | For some, touching the Eucharist makes them feel more connected to Jesus Christ himself. I admit that they are very possibly correct, but I cannot yet confirm that. The most ancient practice of distributing Holy Communion was, with all probability, to give Communion to the faithful in the palm of the hand. 27 Therefore whoever eats this bread or drinks this cup of the Lord in an unworthy MANNER will be guilty of the body and blood[d] of the Lord. Above all we thank you because you are powerful. If Communion is received in the hand, the hands should first of all be clean. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. How we handle objects says a lot about how we regard them. When he says, each one takes his own supper ahead of others, ; and one is hungry and another is drunk. and, 28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of the bread and drink of the cup. He indicates that the individual had a great deal of control over their consumption of the Lords Supper/Communion. One plate contains five loaves of bread, the other two fish, replicating the numbers in the multiplication miracle from the Gospels. Remember when Jesus washed the feet of the apostles before the Last Supper in John 13:1-17?

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